New words
tissue – ткань
group – группа
to work – работать
to do – делать
special – особенный, специальный
job – работа
water – вода
gas – газ
liquid – жидкость
epithelial – эпителиальный
layer – слой
muscle – мышца
to occur – встречаться
body – тело
flexible – гибкий
elastic – эластичный
nucleus – ядро
smooth – гладкий
fibre – волокно
cardiac – сердечный
Неопределенный артикль a (an) может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными, стоящими в единственном числе. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными или существительными во множественном числе неопределенный артикль опускается. Определенный артикль the употребляется и с исчисляемыми, и с неисчисляемыми существительными как в единственном, так и во множественном числе.
E. g. This is a book. The book is interesting (исчисляемое в единственном числе).
This is – meat. The meat is fresh (неисчисляемое).
These are – books. The books are good (множественное число).
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. This is… pen… pen is red.
2. These are pencils.. pencils are black.
3. This is… soup… soup is tasty.
4. In the morning I eat… sandwich and drink… tea.
5. She gave me… coffee and. cake.. coffee was hot and. cake was tasty.
6. Do you like… ice-cream?
7. I see… book in your… hand. Is… book interesting?
8. She bought… meat,… butter and… potatoes yesterday.
9. She also bought… cake… cake was very… tasty. We ate… cake with. tea.
10. This is… bag… bag is brown.
11. It is my sister's… bag.
12. And this is my… bag. It is… yellow.
13. This is. tree.. tree is green.
14. I can see… boys… boys are playing.
15. I have.bicycle… bicycle is black. My friend has no… bicycle.
16. Our… room is large.
17. We wrote… dictation yesterday… dictation was long.
18. She has two… daughters and one… son. Her… son is… pupil.
19. My… brother's… friend has no… dog.
20. This… pencil is broken. Give me that… pencil, please.
21. She has… ball… ball is… big.
22. I got… letter from my… friend yesterday… letter was interesting.
Answer the questions.
1. What is tissue?
2. What are the tissues made of?
3. How many per cents of water do the cells contain?
4. What is dissolved in water?
5. What reactions are necessary for proper body function?
6. What substance is called tissue fluid?
7. How many groups are in the tissue classification?
8. What is lining cellular layer called?
9. What cells form the nervous tissues?
10. Where is smooth muscle tissue found?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):
1) a) tissue; b) body; c) pen;
2) a) water; b) cell; c) circle;
3) a) muscle; b) arm; c) cold;
4) a) elastic; b) smooth; c) brick;
5) a) fibre; b) cardiac; c) line.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 3. Epidermis
The integument consists of the skin (epidermis and dermis) and associated appendages (sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hairs, and nails). Considered the largest body organ, the integument comprises approximately 16% of total body weight. It is a highly specialized organ that functions to protect the body from injury, desiccation, and infection. It also participates in sensory reception, excretion, thermoregulation, and maintenance of water balance.
Epidermis is the outermost layer of the integument. It is a stratified squamous epithelial layer of ectodermal origin.
Layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial consist of four strata. Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) is a proliferative basal layer of columnar-like cells that contain the fibrous protein keratin. Stratum spinosum is a multilaminar layer of cuboidal-like cells that are bound together by means of numerous cytoplasmic extensions and des-mosomal junctions.
Stratum granulosum consists of flat polygonal cells filled with ba-sophilic keratohyalin granules. Viewed at the electron microscopic level, these cells also contain numerous mem brane-coating granules. Stratum corneum is the superficial stratum of dead cells and consists of several to many layers of flat, anucleated, and cornified (kerati-nized) cells. In the epidermis of the palms and soles, a thin, transitional zone of flat eosinophilic or pale-staining anucleated cells may occur as the stratum lucidum. This layer is found only in regions with a thick strata corneum.
Cells of the epidermis: keratinocytes are the most numerous and are responsible for the production of the family of keratin proteins that provide the barrier function of the epidermis.
Melanocytes are derivatives of neural crest ectoderm. They are found in the dermis and are also scattered among the keratinocytes in the basal layers of the epidermis. These dendritic cells produce the pigment melanin in the form melanosomes that are transferred to kerati-nocytes.
Langerhans cells are dendritic cells but are members of the immune system and function as antigen-presenting cells. They have also been found in other parts of the body, including the oral cavity and lymph nodes.
Merkel cells are found in the basal epidermis and appear function in concert with nerve fibers that are closely associated with them. At the electron microscopic level, their cytoplasm contains numerous membrane-bound granules that resemble those of catecholamine-pro-ducing cells.
New words
epidermis – эпидермис
dermis – дерма
largest – самый большой
approximately – приблизительно
weight – вес
to protect – защищать
injury – рана
cytoplasmic – цитоплазматический
several – несколько
level – уровень
flat – плоский
palm – ладонь
thick – толстый
pigment – пигмент
melanin – меланин
nerve – нерв
closely – тесно
Запомните следующие словосочетания, в которых артикль не употребляется.
1) at – school;
2) at – home;
3) at – work.
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. I have two… sisters. My… sisters are… students.
2. We are at… home.
3. My… brother is not at… home, he is at. school.
4. My. mother is at… work. She is… doctor.
5. I am not… doctor.
6. I have no… sisters.
7. He is not… pilot.
8. I have thirty-two… teeth.
9. He has. child.
10. She has two… children. Her children are at… school.
11. Is your father at… home? – No, he is at… work.
12. Where is your… brother? – He is at… home.
Answer the questions.
1. What is epidermis?