Astronomical Unit, 7
Atkins, Peter, 168
atomic clocks, 24–25
Bardeen, Carter and Hawking, ‘The Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics’, 187–90
Barish, Barry, 7
beginning of universe, 2, 5, 155, 177
Bekenstein, Jacob, 163–4, 179
Bekenstein(–Hawking) entropy, 179, 183–6, 232
Bell Burnell, Jocelyn, 4
Bell state, 212
Bell, John, 212
Bertschinger, Edmund, 22, 29
bets
Hawking and Thorne vs. Preskill, 18–19, 238
Hawking vs. Thorne and Preskill, 144
Big Bang, 2, 5, 177
Birkhoff, George David, 157
bit, 179–83
black hole
complementarity, 197–207, 225–31
distorting space and time, 1, 11, 104
early scepticism, 3, 11–15, 149
18th-century ideas, 9–10
energy extraction, 145–8, 195
entanglement with Hawking radiation, 218–25, 229–32, 246–51
entropy, 179–86, 188–90
evaporation, 17, 201–5, 218–25, 247–50
event horizon, 1–2, 9, 11
formation, 2, 7, 14–15, 149–59
geometry, 46, 99, 122, 128–9, 135
hair, 150, 161
inevitability of formation, 14–16, 152–6
information paradox, 17–19, 201–8, 218–53
Kerr, 131–148, 189
observation, 5–8
Penrose diagram, 91–5, 136–9, 157–61
river model, 107–10, 133–4
rotating, see Kerr
Schwarzschild, 88–95, 115–18
shadow, 5–6
supermassive, 1, 5–7, 93, 156
temperature, 17, 186–90, 195–6
thermodynamics, 163, 179–91
‘Black Hole Explosions?’ (Hawking), 16, 186, 201
Black Hole War, The (Susskind), 18, 203
Blandford, Roger, 29
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 171, 175–6
Boltzmann’s equation, 175, 178
brewing, 165–6
bridge, Einstein–Rosen, 114–16, 125, 245–6; see also wormhole
Brief History of Time, A (Hawking), 18
Brownian motion, 167
Buckminster Fuller, R., 76
‘Building up spacetime …’ (Van Raamsdonk), 243–4
caloric, 166
Carter–Penrose diagram, 49
Carter, Brandon, 49, 140, 187
causal influence, 30–1, 37–40, 51–2, 69
cause and effect, 37–40, 45, 215
Chandrasekhar limit, 13
Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 13–14, 149–50, 156
Character of Physical Law, The (Feynman), 173
Christmas in spacetime, 35–40, 57
chronology protection conjecture, 141
Clausius, Rudolph, 169
clocks and rulers, 37, 55–63
closed timelike curves, 140–41
collapse of stars, 2–4, 15, 149–61
halting, 11–14
inevitability of black hole formation, 14–16, 152–6
realistic black holes, 149–61
spherically symmetric, 151, 157–8
compact object, see black hole, neutron star
complementarity, 197–207, 225–31
conformal field theory (CFT), 236, 240
conformal projection, 49, 51, 235
conformal spacetime diagram, 49, 51
conservation
of energy, 146–7, 168–9, 189
of information, 17–19, 203–7, 219–20, 223–5, 237–8
of momentum, 146
coordinates, 54, 81–3, 96
Kruskal–Szekeres, 115, 117–18
Schwarzschild, 84–90, 93
cosmic censorship conjecture, 142–5, 161
cosmic microwave background radiation temperature, 17
curvature, 80, 84, 120–22
curved spacetime, constructing from flat pieces, 77–80
curved surfaces, constructing from flat pieces, 76–8, 81–3, 96; see also non–Euclidean geometry
Dalton, John, 166
dark star, 9–10
Darwin, Charles, 19
Davies–Unruh effect, 198
Davies, Paul, 198
de Kremer, Gerard, 48
degeneracy pressure
electron, 12–14
neutron, 13
determinism, 18, 203, 220
dimensions, higher, 41–4, 119–22, 234–5
Dirac, Paul, 211
distance between events, see interval
distortion of representation of spacetime, 51–3, 59–60
distortion of spacetime by matter and energy, 40–41, 51, 46
Dong, Xi, 258
Doppler effect, 61–2
E = mc2, 27, 183
Eddington, Arthur, 3, 12–13, 46, 164
on thermodynamics, 164
scepticism of black holes, 3, 13
Einstein–Rosen bridge, 114–16, 125, 245–6; see also wormhole
Einstein, Albert
1905 work on molecular motion, 167
1905 work on photons, 180, 183
1905 work on relativity, 24–8, 40, 183
1915 work on gravity, 2, 22–3, 40–41, 70–72, 78–82
1935 scepticism of quantum theory, 209, 245–6
1935 work on wormholes, 114, 125
1939 scepticism of black holes, 3, 11, 14–15, 149
Einstein’s equations, see General Theory of Relativity
electromagnetic wave, electromagnetic, 25, 104–5, 180
electromagnetism, 19, 25, 171
Maxwell’s theory, 25–6
electron degeneracy pressure, 12–14
electrons, 4, 12–13, 17, 194
Ellis, George, 2
embedding diagram, 119–28
emergence of spacetime and gravity from quantum theory, 20, 191, 236, 244–5, 261
energy extraction from black hole, 145–8, 195
entanglement, 20, 208–18, 254–5
between Hawking radiation and black hole, 218–25, 229–32, 246–51
entropy, 222–4, 242–3, 247–51
in quantum computing, 254–61
monogamy of, 230
vacuum, 218, 230–31, 244–5
entropy
black hole, 179–86, 188–90
classical, 164–5, 169–71
entanglement, 222–4, 242–3, 247–51
information-theoretic, 177–9
statistical, 171–7
thermal, 171–7, 221–4
‘EPR’ paper, 245
Equivalence Principle, 71, 89, 198
contradiction, 181, 200, 228
resolution, 231
ER = EPR, 130, 245, 247, 251–2
ergosphere, 132–5, 145–9
escape velocity, 9
Escher, M. C., 47, 235
Euclidean geometry, 43, 81, 121
event, spacetime, 28–40, 51–7
event horizon, 1–2, 9, 11
in river model, 107–8
increasing area rule, 148, 164, 188–9
inner and outer, 132, 135–6, 148
Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, 5–6
Exclusion Principle, Pauli, 12
Exploring Black Holes (Taylor, Wheeler, Bertschinger), 22, 29
extra dimensions, 41–4, 119–22, 234–5
Feynman, Richard, 150, 173
firewall, 228–32
First Law of Thermodynamics, 168–9, 189
Flamm, Ludwig, 114
Flat Albert, see flatland
Flat Eric, 42
flat rulers on curved surfaces, 76–80, 96; see also metric
flat spacetime, 49–51, 67, 77, 157–8
flatland, 41–4, 76
wormholes in, 119–26
Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions (Abbott), 42
floating, 67, 70, 94, 103
fluctuations, vacuum, 16–17, 193–200
‘Four Laws of Black Hole Mechanics, the’ (Bardeen, Carter, Hawking), 187–90
Fowler, R. H., 11–13
free will, 140, 215
freefall, 70–71, 80, 89
fridge, 169–70, 189
Fuller, Robert, 16
Fulling, Stephen, 198
fusion, thermonuclear, 3, 12, 15
General Theory of Relativity, 2, 40–41, 75–83
equivalence principle, 70–71; see also Equivalence Principle
gravitational waves, 7, 151, 156
Kerr solution, 131–3, 149–51
Schwarzschild solution, 75–7, 80, 83–7
Wheeler’s maxim, 46, 75
Genzel, Reinhard, 7
geodesic, greedy, 260–61
geodesic dome, see Montreal Biosphere
geometry
distortion by matter and energy, 40–41, 51, 46
Euclidean, 43, 81, 121
Kerr, 131–9, 142–5, 149–51
non-Euclidean, 44, 67, 76–7, 119, 235
Schwarzschild, 75–7, 80, 83–95
Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam (Wheeler), 150