28 Antibodies are created by the body’s immune system: John M. Dwyer, The Body at War: The Story of Our Immune System (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 28–52. S. Jane Flint, Lynn W. Enquist, Vincent R. Racaniello, and A. M. Skalka, Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses, Third Edition (Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, 2009), 86–130. Noel R. Rose and Ian R. Mackay, eds., The Autoimmune Diseases, Fourth Edition (St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier, 2006). Lauren Sompayrac, How the Immune System Works, Third Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Massoud Mahmoudi, Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself (New York: Morrow, 2004).
29 ten days versus the innate system’s minutes or hours: Vincent Racaniello, “Innate Immune Defenses,” Virology.ws, http://www.virology.ws/2009/06/03/innate-immune-defenses (accessed March 11, 2010). Vincent Racaniello, “Adaptive Immune Defenses,” Virology.ws, http://www.virology.ws/2009/07/03/adaptive-immune-defenses (accessed March 11, 2010).
30 collateral damage of these internal battles: Lauren Sompayrac, How the Immune System Works, Third Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Massoud Mahmoudi, Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself (New York: Morrow, 2004).
31 plasma cells that create antibodies: John M. Dwyer, The Body at War: The Story of Our Immune System (Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 1994), 28–52. S. Jane Flint, Lynn W. Enquist, Vincent R. Racaniello, and A. M. Skalka, Principles of Virology: Molecular Biology, Pathogenesis, and Control of Animal Viruses, Third Edition (Washington, D.C.: American Society of Microbiology, 2009), 86–130. Noel R. Rose and Ian R. Mackay, eds., The Autoimmune Diseases: Fourth Edition (St. Louis: Elsevier, 2006). Lauren Sompayrac, How the Immune System Works, Third Edition (Oxford: Blackwell, 2008). Massoud Mahmoudi, Immunology Made Ridiculously Simple (Miami: Med Master, 2009). Robert G. Lahita, Women and Autoimmune Disease: The Mysterious Ways Your Body Betrays Itself (New York: Morrow, 2004).
32 WIRED ’N MIRED: Brendan T. Carroll, Christopher Thomas, Kameshwari Jayanti, John M. Hawkins, and Carrie Burbage, “Treating Persistent Catatonia When Benzodiazepines Fail,” Current Psychiatry 4 (2005): 59.
CHAPTER 26: THE CLOCK
33 Although developed in the mid-1950s: Janus Kremer, “Clock Drawing in Dementia: A Critical Review,” Revista Neurologica Argentina 27 (2002): 223–227.
34 The healthy brain enables vision: Francesco Pavani, Elisabetta Ladavas, and Jon Driver, “Auditory and Multisensory Aspects of Visuospatial Neglect,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2008): 407–414. V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (New York: Morrow, 1998), 115–125. V. S. Ramachandran, The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist’s Quest for What Makes Us Human (New York: Norton, 2011), 1–21. Michael O’Shea, The Brain: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, The Human Brain Book (London: DK Adult, 2009). Stephen G. Waxman, Clinical Neuroanatomy, Twenty-Sixth Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010).
35 visual indifference: V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (New York: Morrow, 1998), 118.
CHAPTER 28: SHADOWBOXER
36 The blood-brain barrier (BBB): Davis Lab, “History of the Blood Brain Barrier,” University of Arizona, http://davislab.med.arizona.edu/content/history-blood-brain-barrier (accessed April 23, 2011).
37 These steroids, called corticosteroids: Julia C. Buckingham, “Glucocorticoids: Exemplars of Multi-Tasking,” British Journal of Pharmacology 147 (2006): S258—S268. Mayo Clinic Staff, “Prednisone and Other Corticosteroids: Balance the Risks and Benefits,” MayoClinic.com, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/steriods/HQ01431 (accessed May 8, 2011). Peter J. Barnes, “How Corticosteroids Control Inflammation: Quintiles Prize Lecture 2005,” British Journal of Pharmacology 148 (2006): 245–254.
CHAPTER 29: DALMAU’S DISEASE
38 paraneoplastic syndrome: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, “NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndrome Information Page,” National Institutes of Health, http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/paraneoplastic/paraneoplastic.htm (accessed March 2, 2011). Roberta Vitaliani, Warren Mason, Beau Ances, Theodore Zwerdling, Zhilong Jiang, and Josep Dalmau, “Paraneoplastic Encephalitis, Psychiatric Symptoms, and Hypoventilation in Ovarian Teratomas,” Annals of Neurology 58 (2005): 594–604.
39 NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate acid) receptors are vital to learning: David J. Linden, The Accidental Mind: How Brain Evolution Has Given Us Love, Memory, Dreams and God (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 107–144. Fei Li and Joe Z. Tsien, “Memory and NMDA Receptors,” New England Journal of Medicine 361 (2009): 302–303.
40 “knockout mice” without NMDA receptors: Wade Roush, “New Knockout Mice Point to Molecular Basis of Memory,” Science 275 (1997), www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/molbio/restricted/knockbrain/BrainKO.html (accessed May 18, 2011). Zhenzhong Cui, Huimin Wang, Yuansheng Tan, Kimberly A. Zaia, Shuqin Zhang, and Joe Z. Tsein, “Inducible and Reversible NR1 Knockout Reveals Crucial Role of the NMDA Receptor in Preserving Remote Memories in the Brain,” Neuron 41 (2004): 781–793. Laure Rondi-Reig, Megan Libbey, Howard Eichenbaum, and Susumu Tonegawa, “CA1-Specific NMDA Receptor Knockout Mice Are Deficient in Solving Nonspatial Transverse Patterning Task,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (2001): 3543–3548.
41 This second article identified twelve women: Josep Dalmau et al., “Paraneoplastic Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Encephalitis Associated with Ovarian Teratoma,” Annals of Neurology 61 (2007): 25–36.
CHAPTER 31: THE BIG REVEAL
42 For 70 percent of patients, the disorder begins innocuously, with normal flulike symptoms: Josep Dalmau et al., “Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis,” Lancet Neurology 10 (2011): 63–74.