indicating present possibility 5.124
making strong assertions 5.126
requesting permission in the past 5.142–5.143
giving instructions and appeals for help 5.158
making requests 5.162
making suggestions 5.181
showing politeness 5.217–5.218
expressing opinions 5.218
in reported clauses 7.54
could have
indicating possibility 5.115–5.139
indicating uncertainty 5.137
with negative for impossibility 5.139
could not
indicating impossibility 5.126
with comparatives for strong assertion 5.127
making requests 5.163
showing unwillingness 5.197–5.199
countable nouns 1.15–1.22
use of determiners 1.17
list of countable nouns 1.18
singular and plural forms 1.19
same form for singular and plural 1.20
singular form with plural meaning 1.21–1.22
—————— D ——————
dare and daren’t 5.246–5.251
declarative form 5.6–5.9
making promises 5.8
defining relative clauses 8.89–8.108, 8.144–8.145
delexical verbs 3.32–3.45
list of delexical verbs 3.33
relative pronouns in defining clauses 8.89
referring to people 8.90
referring to things 8.91
use after pronouns 8.145
demonstrative adjectives 1.184–1.193
demonstrative pronouns: this, that, these and those 1.5, 1.124–1.127
determiners 1.162–1.250
•a and an 1.228–1.229
•demonstratives 1.184–1.193
•possessive determiners 1.194–1.207
•the 1.163–1.83
list of definite determiners 1.163
this, that, these, and those 1.184
list of indefinite determiners 1.223
using nouns without determiners 1.227
modifying determiners 1.248
difference 2.157–2.168
direct object
direct speech 7.16–7.26
changing the order of the subject and the reporting verb 7.25
punctuation of quotes 7.26
ditransitive verbs 3.7, 3.73–3.82, 9.20
lists 3.82
in the passive 9.20
do
as delexical verb 3.33
for emphasis 5.9
as auxiliary 5.13, 5.24, 5.54, 5.67, 5.250
used in forming question tags 5.16
replacing a verb phrase when words are left out 10.63
duration 4.123–4.134
noun phrases that express duration 4.133
start and end times 4.142
during 4.103–4.104, 4.121
dynamic verbs R120
—————— E ——————
each
as subject 1.144
as pronoun 1.154, 1.156
for emphasis 1.156
used instead of personal pronoun 1.224, 1.243
as indefinite determiner 1.243
each of and each one of as quantity expressions 2.186
each other and one another
as reciprocal pronouns 1.142–1.143
with reciprocal verbs 3.70
-ed adjectives 2.15, 2.77–2.93
form and meaning 2.81–2.82
modifying -ed adjectives 2.85–2.86
with an active meaning 2.87
after linking verbs 2.88–2.90
formed from nouns 2.91
unrelated to verbs or nouns 2.92–2.93
-ed participle 2.293, 2.300, 3.201, 3.212, 8.137–8.138, 8.142–8.143, R71–R80
get with an -ed participle 3.201
want and need with an -ed participle 3.212
either 1.224, 1.242, 8.156
as quantity expression with of 2.179, 2.182
used with or for emphasis 8.197
either/or-questions 5.20
ellipsis
else 1.138
with indefinite pronouns 1.138
with indefinite place adverbs 6.63
else and or else in result clauses 8.64
elsewhere 6.63
emphasis
using reflexive pronouns 1.114, 1.116–1.117, 3.29–3.30
using all, both, or each 1.156
emphasizing the 1.181
emphasizing numbers and amounts 1.242, 1.244. 2.214, 2.224
emphasizing adjectives 2.36–2.39, 6.49–6.50
submodifying adverbs emphasizing adjectives 2.148
emphasizing frequency 4.24
emphasizing duration 4.129
using do, does, or did 5.9
emphasizing wh-questions 5.34
using never followed by do 5.67
putting the adverbial first 6.8, 6.82
emphasizing coordinating conjunctions 8.194–8.199
using split sentences 9.25–9.30
using sentence adverbials 9.62–9.64
fronting 9.69–9.72
emphasizing adjectives 2.36–2.39, 6.49
emphasizing adverbs 6.49, 6.50–6.50
enough
as determiner 1.224–1.225, 1.241
with adjectives 2.150
as quantity expression with of 2.179, 2.185
in sentence adverbials 9.81
ergative verbs 3.59–3.67
even 1.128–1.139
with comparatives 2.160
even if in conditional clauses 8.39
even though in concessive clauses 8.67
ever
as frequency expression 4.114
after negative words for emphasis 5.90
every
structures used with every- 1.139
as determiner 1.224, 1.243
in frequency expressions 4.114
everybody 1.128–1.139
everyone 1.128–1.139
everything 1.128–1.139
everywhere 6.61–6.64, 6.71–6.72, 6.99, 8.76
except 8.69
exclamations 9.91–9.94
expectation 5.131, 5.134
—————— F ——————
far 1.246
modifying determiners 1.248
with how in wh- questions 5.32
followed by adverbs of position 6.59
as adverb of destination 6.65
feelings 2.36
few 1.246
as determiner 1.224, 1.241
a few as determiner 1.247
after too 2.153
as quantity expression with of 2.179, 2.182
fewer
as determiner 1.154, 1.246
as quantity expression with of 2.189
finite verbs R89
first 2.232–2.239
focus in a sentence, changing 9.1–9.68