demonstratives referring to sentences 10.10
with former and latter 10.13–10.14
referring to pieces of writing 10.23
with do so 10.27
with adjectives 10.32
with adverbials 10.38–10.39
referring forward 10.40–10.47
using this and these 10.41–10.42
using following 10.43
using next 10.44
using below 10.45
using such 10.46
reflexive pronouns 1.111–1.118
used as object 1.113–1.114
used as object of preposition 1.115
used for emphasis or contrast 1.116–1.118, 3.29–3.31
in reported speech 7.81
reflexive verbs 3.26–3.31
in the passive 9.22
refusal 5.114, 5.194–5.196
regret 5.207
relative clauses 8.83–8.116
with superlatives 2.116
with indefinite place adverbs 6.62
punctuation in 8.86
use after pronouns 8.87
relative pronouns 1.146–1.150, 8.84–8.116
who and whom 1.147
which 1.148
that 1.149
whose 1.150
referring to people in defining clauses 8.90
referring to things in defining clauses 8.91
referring to people in non-defining clauses 8.93
referring to things in non-defining clauses 8.94
reported speech 5.111, 7.27–7.85
reported questions 1.153, 7.32–7.38
reporting verbs 3.24–3.25, 7.5–7.15
indicating the way that something is said 7.12
negatives in reporting clauses 7.13
position of reporting verb 7.22–7.24
position of reported clauses 7.31
time reference 7.49
tense of verb in reported clause 7.52
modals in reported clauses 7.53–7.58
making your reference appropriate 7.60
avoiding mention of the person speaking or thinking 7.68–7.71
referring to the speaker and hearer 7.72–7.81
use of passive 7.73–7.74, 7.69
nouns used with reported clauses 7.86
passive of reporting verbs 9.45
reporting verbs 3.24–3.25, 7.5–7.15, 7.33–7.34
showing the purpose of speaking 7.7–7.8
reporting speech and thought in informal spoken English 7.14–7.15
reporting statements and thoughts 7.29
reporting questions 7.32
reporting requests 7.39–7.42
reporting suggestions 7.43–7.44
reporting intentions and hopes 7.45–7.47
reporting uncertain things 7.48
reporting conditional statements 7.59
used for performing an action 7.64–7.67
mentioning the hearer 7.77–7.80
reporting someone’s actual words
requests 5.43, 5.157–5.164, 5.169
polite additions to requests 5.170
reporting requests 7.39–7.42
result clauses 8.54–8.64
rhetorical questions 5.44, 9.94
—————— S ——————
s form of verbs R52–R58
’s
same 10.33–10.35
same as 2.135–2.137
say 7.6, 7.36, 7.84
seem 3.132–3.136, 7.70–7.71, 9.53
seldom 4.114, 5.80–5.86
semi-modals 5.246–5.255
dare and need 5.247–5.251
inflected forms 5.248
use with other modals 5.249
use with do 5.250
used to 5.252–5.256
negatives 5.255
sentence adverbials 9.56–9.68
sentence connectors 10.48–10.56
indicating an addition 10.49
indicating a similar point 10.50
contrasts and alternatives 10.51
showing cause 10.52
showing sequence in time 10.53
putting points in order 10.54
conjunctions 10.55
several 1.154, 1.223–1.224, 4.115, 8.87
several of 2.177, 2.179, 2.182
shall
talking about the future 4.53, 5.108, R104
expressing certainty 5.130
shall not for forbidding 5.148
giving formal instructions 5.167
making suggestions 5.186–5.187
expressing intentions 5.191
shan’t 5.59
she 1.95–1.96, 1.98
should
expressing certainty 5.122
expressing expectation 5.131–5.134
should not for undesirable actions 5.150
should like for requests 5.169
making offers of help 5.176
making suggestions 5.182
expressing wishes 5.203
expressing importance 5.213, 5.216
being polite 5.220
shouldn’t 5.59
similarity 2.123
things with the same quality 2.124–2.131
with like 2.132–2.134
same as 2.135–2.137
adjectives meaning the same 2.138
since
with present perfect 4.34, 4.137
in time clauses 8.19
in reason clauses 8.50
singular nouns 1.34–1.40
so
so, so that and so as to in purpose clauses 8.43–8.47
so and so that in result clauses 8.54–8.60
so as a substitute for something already mentioned 10.24–10.27
if so 10.25
so with reporting verbs 10.26
some 1.236–1.238
structures used with some- 1.139
as indefinite determiner 1.223
some of 2.179–2.180, 2.185
somebody 1.128–1.139
someone 1.128–1.139
something 1.128–1.139
somewhere 6.61–6.71
split infinitive 6.11
split sentences 9.4, 9.25–9.30
it as the subject 9.26
using what and all 9.28–9.30
focusing on the topic 9.29
focusing on what someone wants or needs 9.30
statements 5.2–5.9
stative verbs 4.69, R120–R122
still
with comparatives 2.160, 6.51
for existing situations 4.77
for expected situations 4.78
subject pronouns 1.96–1.104
I 1.97
you 1.98
he and she 1.99
it 1.100–1.101
we 1.102, 1.222
they 1.103
submodifying adverbs 2.140–2.156
used with other adverbs 6.51
subordinate clauses 4.6, 8.1–8.145, R124
subordinating conjunctions 8.1–8.82
substituting for something already mentioned: using so and not 10.24–10.27