2 Plutarch. Life of Cato the Censor: 16
3 Ovid. Loves: 3.15.6
4 Dionysius of Halicarnassus: 6.13.4
5 Ovid. The Art of Loving: 3.121–2
6 Ovid. Sorrows: 4.10.35
7 Ibid: 4.10.37–8
8 Ovid. The Art of Loving: 3.122
9 Ibid: 1.17
10 Cato the Censor, in Plutarch’s life of him: 17
11 Ovid. Loves: 1.15.3
12 Ibid: 1.7.38
13 Cicero. Tusculan Disputations: 2.53
14 Petronius: 92. The tone is satirical but matter-of-fact.
15 Pliny the Younger. Letters: 3.1.2
16 Priapea: 25.6–7
17 Valerius Maximus: 6.1. preface
18 Cato the Elder: fragment 222. Later jurists ruled that, although the father of a woman taken in flagrante might legally kill her, a husband could not – unless his wife’s lover was of low or sordid social standing.
19 Ovid. Loves: 3.4.37
20 Ibid: 3.4.17
21 Ibid: 3.4.11
22 Ovid. On Women’s Facials: 25–6
23 Seneca. Natural Questions: 1.16.6
24 Ibid: 1.116.9
25 Ibid: 1.16.7
26 Horace. Odes: 3.6.19–20
27 Ibid: 3.24.33–4
28 Pseudo-Acro, scholiast on Horace: 1.2.63. Quoted by McGinn, p. 165
29 Tacitus. Annals: 3.28
30 Horace. Odes: 4.5.21–2
31 Ovid. Loves: 3.4.5–6
32 Cassius Dio: 48.52
33 Ovid. Sorrows: 3.1.39–40
34 Velleius Paterculus: 2.79.1
35 Pliny: 15.137
36 Cassius Dio: 54.6
37 Suetonius. Tiberius: 51.2
38 Macrobius: 2.5.9
39 Ibid: 2.5.8
40 Ibid: 2.5.4
41 Philo. Embassy to Gaius: 167
42 Seneca. To Polybius, On Consolation: 15.5
43 Ovid. The Art of Loving: 1.184
44 Ibid. 1.177–8
45 Ibid, 1.175
46 Ovid. Loves: 1.5.26
47 Pliny: 7.149
48 Seneca. On Mercy: 1.10.3
49 Ibid: 1.11.2
50 Ovid. The Art of Loving: 2.573
51 Ibid: 2.552–3
52 Ibid: 2.2.599–600
53 Artemidorus: 2.9
54 Velleius Paterculus: 2.91.4
55 Ovid. Fasti: 5.145–6
56 Plutarch. Moralia: 207e
57 From a Messenian inscription discovered in 1960. Quoted in Zankel, p. 259.
58 From a decree of the town council of Pisa. Reproduced in Lott (2012), p. 72.
59 Ovid. The Art of Loving: 1.203
60 Cassius Dio: 55.13.1
61 From a letter written by Augustus to Gaius in AD 1, and quoted by Aulus Gellius: 15.7
62 Tacitus: 6.25
63 Ulpian. Digest: 1.15.3
64 Cassius Dio: 55.27.1
65 Confusion surrounds the fate of Julia’s husband, since a man of his name who appears on an inscription in a list of priests is described as dying in AD 14. A commentary on the poet Juvenal, though, makes it clear that he was executed. The priest was therefore almost certainly his son.
66 Some scholars (e.g. Claassen, pp. 12–13) date Ovid’s exile to AD 9 but internal and external evidence alike seem to me definitively to point to AD 8. Legally speaking, Ovid was not an exsul, an exile, but a relegatus – someone ‘relegated’ from Rome, but without the loss of his civic rights. Ovid himself, though, often referred to his loneliness and misery as an ‘exsilium’ – as well he might have done.
67 Ovid. Sorrows: 2.207
68 Ibid: 6.27
69 Ovid. Black Sea Letters: 2.2.19
70 For a survey of the many theories about Ovid’s exile, see Thibault. My reading of it follows Green (1989). As Claassen comments (p. 234), ‘No other explanation than a political one can make sense of Ovid’s exile.’
71 Ovid. Sorrows: 1.11.3–4
72 Ibid: 2.195–6
73 Ovid. Sorrows: 5.10.37
74 Ovid. Letters from Pontus: 1.2.81–2
75 Ovid. Sorrows: 5.7.46
76 Ovid. Fasti: 2.291
77 Ovid. Sorrows: 2.199–200
78 Ibid: 5.10.19–20
79 Valerius Maximus: 6.1.11
80 Velleius Paterculus: 2.115.5
81 Ovid. Sorrows: 2.171–2
82 Cicero. On Duties: 2.27
83 The opening of Augustus’s record of achievements, the Res Gestae
84 Virgil. Aeneid: 1.279
85 Albinovanus Pedo: 3, quoted in Benario, p. 166. ‘The realm of shadow’ is specifically a reference to the Wadden Sea. The poem describes a naval expedition in AD 16.
86 Tacitus: 2.24
87 Tacitus. Germania: 4
88 Or possibly, on some interpretations, in 10 BC.
89 Strabo: 4.4.2
90 Ovid. Amores: 1.14.45–6
91 Tacitus. Germania: 19
92 Cassius Dio: 56.18
93 Velleius Paterculus: 2.118.2
94 Florus: 30.3
95 Suetonius. The Deified Augustus: 23
96 Ibid. Tiberius: 21.3. The phrase was Augustus’s own.
97 Ibid. Augustus was quoting – or rather adapting – the poet Ennius.
98 Ovid. Black Sea Letters: 2.1.37–8
99 Ibid: 2.1.61–2
100 Seneca. On Benefits: 3.38.2
101 Consolation to Livia: 356
102 Tacitus: 5.1
103 Ibid
104 Cicero. On the Republic: 1.67
105 Ovid. Black Sea Letters: 3.1.118
106 Velleius Paterculus: 2.130.5
107 Ovid. Black Sea Letters: 3.1.125
108 Suetonius. The Deified Augustus: 64.2
109 Such, at any rate, is the evidence of an inscription found at Rhegium, which records a freedwoman of Julia’s having a mother who was a freedwoman of Livia’s. See Barrett (2002), p. 51.
110 Tacitus: 4.71
111 The inscription is quoted by Flory, p. 318. The temple was that of Fortuna Muliebris, ‘Female Fortune’. The same inscription can be found on the Arch of Ticinum: ‘Drusi f. uxori Caesaris Augusti’.
112 Livy: 8.18.6
113 Virgil. Georgics: 128–30
114 Suetonius. The Deified Augustus: 51.3
115 Seneca the Elder. Controversies: 10, Preface 5
116 Tacitus: 1.72
117 Velleius Paterculus: 126.3
118 Suetonius. The Deified Claudius: 3
119 Ibid: 41.2
120 Cassius Dio: 55.32
121 Tacitus: 1.5
122 Velleius Paterculus: 11.123.1
123 Ibid: 11.123.2
124 Suetonius. The Deified Augustus: 99.1
125 Tacitus: 1.6. Pettinger (p. 178, n. 28) convincingly argues that the details of this episode derived from Tacitus’s reading of a source unconsulted by other historians: the memoirs of Germanicus’s daughter (and the mother of the Emperor Nero), Agrippina. ‘Tacitus, in using the private memoirs of the younger Agrippina, has landed a scoop…’
126 Ibid
127 Suetonius. Tiberius: 22
128 Ibid: 23
129 Tacitus: 6
4 The Last Roman
1 The garden had originally belonged to Pompey.
2 Ovid. Black Sea Letters: 4.13.27
3 Suetonius. The Deified Augustus: 99.1
4 Tacitus: 1.11
5 Suetonius. Tiberius: 21.2
6 Velleius: 2.126.3
7 Tacitus: 1.13
8 Cassius Dio: 56.26
9 Velleius: 2.124.2
10 Cassius Dio: 57.1
11 Suetonius. Tiberius: 25.1
12 The suggestion is Syme’s (1986), p. 300
13 Suetonius. Tiberius: 24.1
14 Tacitus: 1.17
15 Luke 7.8
16 Tacitus: 1.23
17 Ibid: 1.51
18 Velleius: 2.125.1–2
19 ‘Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre’: line 161
20 Tacitus: 3.33. The words are those of Severus Caecina, Germanicus’s deputy on the Rhine, following his return from the front. The influence of Agrippina on his sentiments can only be surmised.
21 Valerius Maximus: 3.2.2
22 Tacitus: 2.26
23 Velleius: 2.129.2
24 Tacitus: 1.33
25 Suetonius. Tiberius: 50.3
26 Tacitus: 1.53
27 Velleius: 2.126.3
28 Tacitus: 2.39
29 Ibid: 2.40
30 Ibid
31 Tacitus: 2.26
32 Valerius Maximus: 5.5
33 See Syme (1980), p. 336: ‘the surmise is easy’.
34 Seneca. On Anger: 1.18
35 Cicero: The Republic: 5.1.2
36 Tacitus: 4.38
37 Cassius Dio: 57.15
38 Tacitus: 2.43
39 Ibid: 2.53
40 Artemon. Anthologia Graeca: 12.55
41 Paraphrase of an anecdote in Josephus’s Antiquities of the Jews: 18.171–6