42 Polybius: 31.4
43 Tacitus: 1.55
44 Ibid: 1.56
45 Philo. Special Laws: 3.174
46 Ehrenberg and Jones, p. 138 (320b)
47 Res Gestae: 27
48 Tacitus: 2.71
49 ‘Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre’: lines 55–6
50 Ibid: line 46
51 Tacitus: 2.83
52 Ibid: 3.4
53 Ibid: 3.15
54 See Versnel, pp. 383–7
55 Ovid. Fasti: 2.551
56 Ovid. Black Sea Letters: 4.8.49–51
57 Seneca. On Benefits: 5.25.2
58 Seneca the Elder. Controversies: 10.3.5
59 Statius. Silvae: 3.3.200–1
60 ‘Senatus Consultum de Cn. Pisone Patre’: lines 115–16
61 A phrase that appears on a number of Tiberius’s coins.
62 Tacitus: 3.34
63 Ibid: 4.8
64 Ibid: 3.65
65 Ibid: 11.21
66 Cicero. On Duties: 2.50
67 Tacitus: 4.34
68 Seneca. To Marcia, On Consolation: 22.5
69 Tacitus: 6.7
70 Pliny: 26.2
71 For the likelihood that Tiberius coined the word, see Champlin: http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/champlin/090601.pdf, pp. 5–6
72 Tacitus: 4.52
73 Ibid: 4.54
74 For the rumours linking Gallus to Agrippina, see Shotter (1971), pp. 454–5
75 Tacitus: 4.40
76 Ibid: 4.41
77 Strabo: 5.4.8
78 For the likelihood that Tiberius identified with Ulysses, see Stewart, pp. 87–8. For a fascinating meditation on the broader implications of this self-identification, see Champlin’s Tiberiana essay, ‘Tales of Brave Ulysses’. Juvenal, writing a century later, explicitly compared Tiberius to Ulysses (10.84).
79 Ovid. Metamorphoses: 3.158–9
80 Cassius Dio: 58.4
81 I am indebted to Llewelyn Morgan for pointing this out.
82 Pliny: 8.145
83 Suetonius. Caligula: 22.2
84 Tacitus: 3.55
85 Cassius Dio: 58.5
86 Tacitus: 4.2.
87 Valerius Maximus: 9.11.ext.4
88 The details of Apicata’s suicide are derived from an inscription which records that someone connected to Sejanus – almost certainly his wife – committed suicide eight days after the execution of Sejanus himself. It is possible, though, as Jane Bellemore has argued, that the person referred to in the inscription was not Apicata but Livilla – in which case we would have evidence that the couple had secretly married at some point. The case is open.
89 Tacitus: 6.6
90 Plutarch: fr. 182, in Plutarch’s Moralia, ed. F. H. Sandbach (1969)
91 Suetonius. Tiberius: 60
92 Ovid. Loves: 3.4.25
93 Tacitus: 6.1
94 Tacitus: 6.20
95 Suetonius. Caligula: 11
96 Philo. Embassy to Gaius: 142
97 For the location and height of this lighthouse, see Champlin (Journal of Roman Studies, 2011), p.96.
98 Tacitus: 6.46
99 Seneca. Letters: 43.3
5 Let Them Hate Me
1 Suetonius. Tiberius: 75.1
2 Suetonius. Caligula: 15.1
3 Ibid: 14.1
4 Philo. On the Embassy to Gaius: 41
5 Tacitus: 3.24
6 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews: 18.256
7 Cassius Dio: 59.7.4
8 Augustus’s legislation on seating had initially targeted theatres, then amphitheatres – but the precise legal situation of the Circus Maximus is not clear. According to Cassius Dio (55.22), senators and equestrians were allocated seats there by Augustus; but Suetonius describes them as sitting among the rest of the Roman people until the time of Claudius (Deified Claudius: 21.3).
9 Philo. On the Embassy to Gaius: 45
10 Suetonius. Caligula: 29
11 Petronius: 117
12 Seneca. On Providence: 4.4
13 Tacitus. 4.62
14 Seneca. Letters: 7.5
15 Cassius Dio: 59.22.7
16 Suetonius. Caligula: 24.1
17 Seneca. To Polybius on Consolation: 17.5
18 Homer. The Iliad: 2.204. Caligula is described as quoting it in Suetonius’s biography of him (22.1).
19 Cassius Dio: 59.18.5
20 Ibid: 59.16.5–6
21 Ibid: 59.16.11
22 Ibid: 59.16.6
23 See Winterling (2011), p. 108, for this interpretation of an event that Cassius Dio (59.20.1–3) has badly garbled.
24 See Barrett (1989), pp. 125–6. The clinching evidence for Caligula’s recruitment of the two legions is provided by the tombstone of a centurion: Smallwood, p. 278.
25 From an inscription recording the Acta Fratrum Arvalium – the protocols of a priestly brotherhood named the Arvals. It appears in Smallwood, p. 14.
26 The link between Gaeticulus and Lepidus is only made specific once, in a throwaway comment by Suetonius (The Deified Claudius: 9.1). It is strongly implied, though, by Cassius Dio, who describes the executions of the two men, and the exile of Caligula’s two sisters, in consecutive sentences.
27 Tacitus: 12.64. Tacitus muddles the Domitia who looked after Nero with her sister, Domitia Lepida.
28 Suetonius. Caligula: 29
29 The attack was probably against a tribe called the Canninefates, who lived on an island in the Rhine delta. It appears to have been, at best, indecisive. See Tacitus, Histories: 4.15.3.
30 Persius: 6.46
31 Suetonius. Caligula: 49.1
32 Cassius Dio: 59.23.3
33 Or so says Suetonius (Caligula: 19.1). Cassius Dio says the bridge went from Puteoli to a place near Baiae named Bauli; Josephus that it went to Misenum, a town on the same promontory where Baiae is located, but too far from Puteoli to be credible.
34 Suetonius. Caligula: 19.3
35 Cassius Dio: 59.17.11
36 Suetonius. Caligula: 22.1
37 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews: 19.121
38 Philo. On the Embassy to Gaius: 263
39 Quoted by Suetonius (Caligula: 30.1) from the poet Accius
40 This is nowhere stated specifically, but can be deduced by cross-referencing the account of the conspiracy in Cassius Dio with Tacitus’s mention of a senator forced to commit suicide under Nero who, twenty-six years earlier, had betrayed a conspiracy to Caligula. See Barrett (1996, pp. 156–7) and Winterling (2011, pp. 136–7).
41 Seneca. On Anger: 3.19.2
42 Suetonius. Caligula: 30.1
43 Cassius Dio: 59.26.9
44 Ibid: 59.27.6
45 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews: 19.86
46 Seneca. On Anger: 2.33.4
47 Cassius Dio: 59.29.9
48 Ibid
49 Suetonius. Caligula: 41.1. The story has been widely doubted, but attempts to explain it away seem to me less plausible than the supposition that it was simultaneously an attack on the prestige of the nobility, a satire on Augustan values, and a typically Caligulan amplification of the sexual fantasies enacted on Capri.
50 Seneca. On Firmness: 18.1
51 Ibid: 18.2
52 Cassius Dio: 59.29.2
53 Ibid: 59.25.7
54 Philo. On the Embassy to Gaius: 338
55 This account derives principally from Josephus, whose sources for the assassination of Caligula were excellent. Suetonius gives two alternative accounts, which nevertheless differ only slightly in the details. According to one of them, the first blow to hit Caligula was to the chin.
56 Such, at any rate, is the evidence of Seneca (On Firmness: 18.3).
57 Cassius Dio: 59.29.7
58 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews: 19.199
59 It is Josephus who tells us that Caesonia was killed several hours after her husband’s death. According to Suetonius, she and her daughter were with Caligula when he was attacked, and died alongside him.
6 Io Saturnalia!
1 Josephus. Antiquities of the Jews: 19.115
2 Ibid: 19.159
3 Ibid: 19.168
4 Cassius Dio: 60.1.3
5 Suetonius. The Deified Claudius: 10.3
6 Ibid: 3.2
7 The phrase is found on a coin of Claudius’s, dated AD 41/2. The formula EX.S.C. confirms that it was a decree of the Senate’s.
8 See Suetonius, The Deified Claudius: 10.4. For the finances of Claudius’s expenditure on the military, see Campbell (1984), pp. 166–8 and Osgood (2011), pp. 35–7.
9 Tacitus. Histories: 4.74
10 Suetonius. The Deified Augustus: 101.4