26. Patterns of depression in youth: Maria Kovacs and Leo Bastiaens, "The Psychotherapeutic Management of Major Depressive and Dysthymic Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence: Issues and Prospects," in I. M. Goodyer, ed., Mood Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
27. Depression in children: Kovacs, op. cit.
28. I interviewed Maria Kovacs in The New York Times (Jan. 11, 1994).
29. Social and emotional lag in depressed children: Maria Kovacs and David Goldston, "Cognitive and Social Development of Depressed Children and Adolescents," Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (May 1991).
30. Helplessness and depression: John Weiss et al., "Control-related Beliefs and Self-reported Depressive Symptoms in Late Childhood," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102 (1993).
31. Pessimism and depression in children: Judy Garber, Vanderbilt University. See, e.g., Ruth Hilsman and Judy Garber, "A Test of the Cognitive Diathesis Model of Depression in Children: Academic Stressors, Attributional Style, Perceived Competence and Control," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994); Judith Garber, "Cognitions, Depressive Symptoms, and Development in Adolescents," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102 (1993).
32. Garber, "Cognitions."
33. Garber, "Cognitions."
34. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema et al., "Predictors and Consequences of Childhood Depressive Symptoms: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 101 (1992).
35. Depression rate halved: Gregory Clarke, University of Oregon Health Sciences Center, "Prevention of Depression in At-Risk High School Adolescents," paper delivered at the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Oct. 1993).
36. Garber, "Cognitions."
37. Hilda Bruch, "Hunger and Instinct," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 149 (1969). Her seminal book, The Golden Cage: The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press) was not published until 1978.
38. The study of eating disorders: Gloria R. Leon et al., "Personality and Behavioral Vulnerabilities Associated with Risk Status for Eating Disorders in Adolescent Girls," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102 (1993).
39. The six-year-old who felt fat was a patient of Dr. William Feldman, a pediatrician at the University of Ottawa.
40. Noted by Sifneos, "Affect, Emotional Conflict, and Deficit."
41. The vignette of Ben's rebuff is from Steven Asher and Sonda Gabriel, "The Social World of Peer-Rejected Children," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco (Mar. 1989).
42. The dropout rate among socially rejected children: Asher and Gabriel, "The Social World of Peer-Rejected Children."
43. The findings on the poor emotional competence of unpopular children are from Kenneth Dodge and Esther Feldman, "Social Cognition and Sociometric Status," in Steven Asher and John Coie, eds., Peer Rejection in Childhood (New York-. Cambridge University Press, 1990).
44. Emory Cowen et al., "Longterm Follow-up of Early Detected Vulnerable Children," Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology 41 (1973).
45. Best friends and the rejected: Jeffrey Parker and Steven Asher, "Friendship Adjustment, Group Acceptance and Social Dissatisfaction in Childhood," paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston (1990).
46. The coaching for socially rejected children: Steven Asher and Gladys Williams, "Helping Children Without Friends in Home and School Contexts," in Children's Social Development: Information for Parents and Teachers (Urbana and Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1987).
47. Similar results: Stephen Nowicki, "A Remediation Procedure for Nonverbal Processing Deficits," unpublished manuscript, Duke University (1989).
48. Two fifths are heavy drinkers: a survey at the University of Massachusetts by Project Pulse, reported in The Daily Hampshire Gazette (Nov. 13, 1993).
49. Binge drinking: Figures are from Harvey Wechsler, director of College Alcohol Studies at the Harvard School of Public Health (Aug. 1994).
50. More women drink to get drunk, and risk of rape: report by the Columbia University Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (May 1993).
51. Leading cause of death: Alan Marlatt, report at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association (Aug. 1994).
52. Data on alcoholism and cocaine addiction are from Meyer Glantz, acting chief of the Etiology Research Section of the National Institute for Drug and Alcohol Abuse.
53. Distress and abuse: Jeanne Tschann, "Initiation of Substance Abuse in Early Adolescence," Health Psychology A (1994).
54. I interviewed Ralph Tarter in The New York Times (Apr. 26, 1990).
55. Tension levels in sons of alcoholics: Howard Moss et al., "Plasma GABA-like Activity in Response to Ethanol Challenge in Men at High Risk for Alcoholism" Biological Psychiatry 27(6) (Mar. 1990).
56. Frontal lobe deficit in sons of alcoholics: Philip Harden and Robert Pihl, "Cognitive Function, Cardiovascular Reactivity, and Behavior in Boys at High Risk for Alcoholism," Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (1995).
57. Kathleen Merikangas et al., "Familial Transmission of Depression and Alcoholism," Archives of General Psychiatry (Kpt. 1985).
58. The restless and impulsive alcoholic: Moss et al.
59. Cocaine and depression: Edward Khantzian, "Psychiatric and Psychodynamic Factors in Cocaine Addiction," in Arnold Washton and Mark Gold, eds., Cocaine: A Clinician's Handbook (NewYork: Guilford Press, 1987).
60. Heroin addiction and anger: Edward Khantzian, Harvard Medical School, in conversation, based on over 200 patients he has treated who were addicted to heroin.
61. No more wars: The phrase was suggested to me by Tim Shriver of the Collaborative for the Advancement of Social and Emotional Learning at the Yale Child Studies Center.
62. Emotional impact of poverty: "Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development" and "Poverty Experiences of Young Children and the Quality of Their Home Environments." Greg Duncan and Patricia Garrett each described their research findings in separate articles in Child Development (Kpv. 1994).
63. Traits of resilient children: Norman Garmezy, The Invulnerable Child (New York: Guilford Press, 1987). I wrote about children who thrive despite hardship in The New York Times (Oct. 13, 1987).
64. Prevalence of mental disorders: Ronald C. Kessler et al., "Lifetime and 12-month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the U.S.," Archives of General Psychiatry (Jan. 1994).
65. The figure for boys and girls reporting sexual abuse in the United States are from Malcolm Brown of the Violence and Traumatic Stress Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health; the number of substantiated cases is from the National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect. A national survey of children found the rates to be 32 percent for girls and 0.6 percent for boys in a given year: David Finkelhor and Jennifer Dziuba-Leatherman, "Children as Victims of Violence: A National Survey," Pediatrics (Oct. 1984).
66. The national survey of children about sexual abuse prevention programs was done by David Finkelhor, a sociologist at the University of New Hampshire.
67. The figures on how many victims child molesters have are from an interview with Malcolm Gordon, a psychologist at the Violence and Traumatic Stress Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health.