Once the entire text is translated, the evaluator evaluates the entire text and gives feedback to the translator.
Once the translator has considered this feedback and made any necessary changes, the final version of the text is complete and the translated book is ready to be printed and distributed.
For Further Reading
The Anti-Coup by Gene Sharp and Bruce Jenkins. Boston: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2003.
Sharp's Dictionary of Power and Struggle: Language of Civil Resistance in Conflicts by Gene Sharp. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.
On Strategic Nonviolent Conflict: Thinking About the Fundamentals by Robert L. Helvey. Boston: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2002.
The Politics of Nonviolent Action (3 vols.) by Gene Sharp. Boston: Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973.
Self-Liberation by Gene Sharp with the assistance of Jamila Raqib. Boston: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2010.
Social Power and Political Freedom by Gene Sharp. Boston: Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers, 1980.
There Are Realistic Alternatives by Gene Sharp. Boston: The Albert Einstein Institution, 2003.
Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential by Gene Sharp. Boston: Extending Horizons Books, Porter Sargent Publishers, 2005.
For order information, please contact:
The Albert Einstein Institution P.O. Box 455
East Boston, MA 02128, USA Teclass="underline" USA +1 617-247-4882 Fax: USA +1 617-247-4035 E-maiclass="underline" einstein@igc.org Website: www.aeinstein.org
[1] The term used in this context was introduced by Robert Helvey. "Political defiance" is nonviolent struggle (protest, noncooperation, and intervention) applied defiantly and actively for political purposes. The term originated in response to the confusion and distortion created by equating nonviolent struggle with pacifism and moral or religious "nonviolence." "Defiance" denotes a deliberate challenge to authority by disobedience, allowing no room for submission. "Political defiance" describes the environment in which the action is employed (political) as well as the objective (political power). The term is used principally to describe action by populations to regain from dictatorships control over governmental institutions by relentlessly attacking their sources of power and deliberately using strategic planning and operations to do so. In this paper, political defiance, nonviolent resistance, and nonviolent struggle will be used interchangeably, although the latter two terms generally refer to struggles with a broader range of objectives (social, economic, psychological, etc.).
[2] Freedom House, Freedom in the World, http://www.freedomhouse.org.
[3] Ibid.
[4] Patrick Sarsfield O'Hegarty, A History of Ireland Under the Union, 1880-1922 (London: Methuen, 1952), pp. 490-491.
[5] Krishnalal Shridharani, War Without Violence: A Study of Gandhi's Method and Its Accomplishments (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939, and reprint New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1972), p. 260.
[6] Aristotle, The Politics, transl. by T. A. Sinclair (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England and Baltimore, Maryland: Penguin Books 1976 [1962]), Book V, Chapter 12, pp. 231 and 232.
[7] This story, originally titled "Rule by Tricks" is from Yu-li-zi by Liu Ji (1311-1375) and has been translated by Sidney Tai, all rights reserved. Yu-li-zi is also the pseudonym of Liu Ji. The translation was originally published in Nonviolent Sanctions: News from the Albert Einstein Institution (Cambridge, Mass.), Vol. IV, No. 3 (Winter 1992-1993), p. 3.
[8] Karl W. Deutsch, "Cracks in the Monolith," in Carl J. Friedrich, ed., Totalitarianism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1954), pp. 313-314.
[9] John Austin, Lectures on Jurisprudence or the Philosophy of Positive Law (Fifth edition, revised and edited by Robert Campbell, 2 vol., London: John Murray, 1911 [1861]), Vol. I, p. 296.
[10] Niccolo Machiavelli, "The Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy," in The Discourses of Niccolo Machiavelli (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1950), Vol. I, p. 254.
[11] See Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973), p. 75 and passim for other historical examples.
[12] Robert Helvey, personal communication, 15 August 1993.
[13] Recommended full length studies are Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action of Nonviolent Action, (Boston, Massachusetts: Porter Sargent, 1973) and Peter Acker- man and Christopher Kruegler, Strategic Nonviolent Conflict, (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1994). Also see Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Stuggle: Twentieth Century Practice and Twenty-First Century Potential. Boston: Porter Sargent, 2005.
[14] Aristotle, The Politics, Book V, Chapter 12, p. 233.
[15] See Gene Sharp, Civilian-Based Defense: A Post-Military Weapons System (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990).
[16] This list, with definitions and historical examples, is taken from Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Part Two, The Methods of Nonviolent Action.