4. One of the most common consonants in Mongol is the Mongol kh—similar to ch in German ich or Scottish loch. It is sometimes written as q, h, or an apostrophe.
5. Whenever possible, I avoid umlauts or diacritical marks. In Mongolian, as in the other Altaic languages, the differences between front vowels and back vowels is of critical importance. Anyone who speaks the Mongolian language will know whether the names are pronounced in the front or the back of the mouth, and for most other readers, the marks are probably not relevant.
Selected Bibliography
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———. Commodity and Exchange in the Mongol Empire: A Cultural History of Islamic Textiles. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
———. Culture and Conquest in Mongol Eurasia. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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———. The Nomadic Alternative. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, 1993.
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———. The Commentary of Gregory Abu’l Faraj, Commonly Known as Bar Hebraeus. London: Oxford University Press, 1932.
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Ch’en, Paul Heng-chao. Chinese Legal Tradition Under the Mongols: The Code of 1291 as Reconstructed. Princeton. N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1979.
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———. A History of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia. Vol. 1, Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 1998.
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———. trans. The Secret History of the Mongols. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.
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Crookshank, Francis G. The Mongol in Our Midst: A Study of Man and His Three Faces. New York: Dutton, 1924.