ABBREVIATIONS TO NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
ASK: Annelise Sørensen Kennan
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
CKB: Constance Kennan Bradt
DSR-DF: Decimal File, U.S. Department of State Records, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
FBI: Federal Bureau of Investigation
FKW: Frances Kennan Worobec
FRUS: U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States
GFK: George F. Kennan
GFK Diary: George F. Kennan Diary, Seeley Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University, filed chronologically in Boxes 230–39 and 325–26
GFK, Memoirs, I: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950 (Boston: Atlantic–Little, Brown, 1967)
GFK, Memoirs, II: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963 (Boston: Atlantic–Little, Brown, 1972)
JKH: Jeanette Kennan Hotchkiss
JEK: Joan Elisabeth Kennan
JLG: John Lewis Gaddis
KKK: Kossuth Kent Kennan
KWK: Kent Wheeler Kennan
NSC: National Security Council
OPC: Office of Policy Coordination
OSP: Office of Special Projects
OSS: Office of Strategic Services
PPS Papers: The State Department Policy Planning Staff Papers, 1947–1949. New York: Garland, 1983.
PPS Records: U.S. Department of State, Policy Planning Staff Records, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.
NOTES
PREFACE
1 GFK to JLG, April 18, 1995, JLG Papers.
2 GFK Diary, April 15, 1997; GFK to Eugene Hotchkiss, February 14, 2003, copy in JLG Papers.
3 JLG Diary, November 9, 2003, ibid.
4 JLG notes, August 24, 1982, and September 5, 1983, ibid.
ONE • CHILDHOOD: 1904–1921
1 Unless otherwise noted, the author conducted all interviews. Dates are repeated only for multiple interviews with the same individual. A key to abbreviations is on page 701. JKH interview, December 21, 1982, p. 3; CKB, interview by JEK, undated, p. 1. See also GFK, Memoirs, I, 4, and JKH, “Memoirs for Two.”
2 GFK, Memoirs, I, 3–4.
3 GFK Diary, March 8, 1931, quoted in GFK, Sketches from a Life, pp. 20–21.
4 GFK to “my dear children,” Bad Nauheim, Germany, February 1942, GFK Papers, 140:9. Here and henceforth, for the Kennan papers, the first number is the box, the second the folder. Where no folder is indicated, files are in alphabetical or chronological order. Locations of all manuscript collections are listed in the Bibliography.
5 GFK Diary, January 14, 1959. The Kennan diaries, hereafter cited by date only, are in the GFK Papers, boxes 230–39 and 325–26.
6 GFK to JKH and CKB, July 21, 1984, JKH Papers.
7 Chekhov, Steppe and Other Stories, pp.1, 47. My wife, Toni, and I witnessed these tears during a visit with GFK in Princeton, N.J., June 26, 1999.
8 GFK, Memoirs, I, 4.
9 GFK interview by JEK, undated, CKB interview, November 13, 1982, p. 2, and FKW interview, June 28, 1984, p. 3; also JKH interview, p. 4, and CKB interview by JEK, p. 14.
10 GFK interview, August 24, 1982, p. 4. See also Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Milwaukee, I, 61. The house was later renumbered as 309 Cambridge Avenue.
11 GFK interview by JEK, p. 8; CKB interview, p. 1; JKH interview, p. 2.
12 KKK handwritten reminiscences, no date but probably 1933, KKK Papers. I am indebted to Tim Ericson for bringing these materials to my attention.
13 JKH interview, p. 3.
14 CKB interview, p. 2.
15 JKH interview, p. 7; JKH, “Memoirs for Two,” p. 8; CKB interview, p. 2.
16 GFK interview, August 24, 1982, pp. 4, 11–12; JKH interview, p. 4.
17 JKH interview, December 29, 1982, p. 5; JKH, “Memoirs for Two,” pp. 17, 21; KWK interview, December 29, 1982, p. 1.
18 FKW interview, p. 3; KKK reminiscences, emphases in original; JKH interview, p. 3. See also GFK’s own portrait of his father in his Memoirs, I, 7–8.
19 KWK interview, p. 2; GFK, Memoirs, I, 3; JKH interview, p. 23.
20 GFK interview, August 24, 1982, p. 13; KWK interview, December 29, 1982, pp. 3, 5; JKH interview, pp. 4, 11–12, 25.
21 JKH interview, pp. 1, 9; JKH to JLG, September 24, 1983; FKW interview, p. 13; GFK, Memoirs, I, 1.
22 JKH interview, p. 6; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, pp. 4, 12.
23 JKH interview by JEK, p. 2.
24 CKB interview, p. 3; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, p. 14; KWK interview, p. 5.
25 JKH interview, p. 1; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, p. 3.
26 KKK reminiscences; FKW interview, p. 4; JKH, “Memoirs for Two,” p. 10.
27 GFK to JEK, November 12, 1972, JEK Papers. I have relied here also on the GFK Diary, July 9, 1927, and April 16, 1929, as well as on Seegert, Oakwood Bay Centennial. I am grateful to Jeanette’s son Jim Hotchkiss for giving me a tour of the area in 1996.
28 Anderson and Olson, Milwaukee: At the Gathering of the Waters, especially pp. 46, 57–60; Orum, City-Building in America, pp. 88–90.
29 JKH interview, p. 1; FKW interview, p. 4; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, pp. 8–9; CKB interview, p. 5; KKK reminiscences; Gregory, History of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, p. 142; GFK interview by JEK, pp. 8–9. The book was KKK, Income Taxation—Method and Results in Various Countries.
30 Travis, George Kennan and the Russian-American Relationship, provides the fullest treatment of the first George Kennan’s life; but see also Saul, Concord and Conflict, especially pp. 281–92. Kennan’s most influential book was Siberia and the Exile System, but he also described his earlier experiences in Tent Life in Siberia.
31 GFK, Memoirs, I, 8; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, p. 7.
32 George Kennan to KKK, December 30, 1912, typed copy in JKH Papers.
33 CKB interview, p. 6; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, p. 7. See also JKH interview, pp. 28–29; and Travis, George Kennan, p. 107.
34 JKH interview, p. 28; GFK, Memoirs, I, 9.
35 Unless otherwise noted, the quotations in this section come from GFK’s letter to “my dear children,” Bad Nauheim, Germany, February 1942, GFK Papers, 140:9. See also GFK, Memoirs, I, 5–6; and GFK, An American Family: The Kennans.
36 For the James family, see, in addition to GFK’s 1942 letter, Vogel, Sauce for the Gander, pp. 338–52; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, pp. 1–3; CKB interview, pp. 3–4, 7; FKW interview, p. 5; and Seegert, Oakwood Bay Centennial, pp. 42–44.
37 GFK interview by JEK, p. 1.
38 Ibid., pp. 2–3; GFK interview, August 24, 1982, p. 11.