2 GFK to Acheson, January 3, 1949, Acheson Papers, Box 64, “Memos—conversations January–February 1949” folder, Truman Library. The references to defunct leaders were to Aleksandr Kerensky, prime minister of the Russian Provisional Government until its overthrow by the Bolsheviks in November 1917, Heinrich Brüning, chancellor of Germany from 1930 to 1932, Konstantin Dumba, the last Austro-Hungarian ambassador to the United States, expelled for espionage in 1915, and King Peter II of Yugoslavia, deposed in 1945.
3 Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 141; Franks interview, p. 20; Beisner, Dean Acheson, pp. 88–89, 596.
4 GFK interview, October 31, 1974, p. 3; Franks interview, pp. 20–21.
5 GFK, Memoirs, I, 426; GFK interview, September 8, 1983, p. 5; Davies interview, December 8, 1982, p. 5. See also Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 157–58, and Beisner, Dean Acheson, p. 119.
6 GFK Diary, March 9–10, 1949, GFK Papers, 231:17.
7 GFK to Acheson, January 3, 1949, Acheson Papers, Box 64, Truman Library.
8 Lippmann to GFK, February 1, 1949, Lippmann Papers, 81:1281. Lippmann’s column, “The Dark Prospect in Germany,” appeared in The Washington Post on December 30, 1948. See also Acheson’s National War College lecture of September 16, 1948, Acheson Papers, Box 69, “Classified Off the Record Speeches, 1947–52” folder, Truman Library; also Steel, Walter Lippmann, pp. 458–59; and Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, p. 159.
9 For the extent to which Lippmann’s criticisms influenced Program A, see Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 146–47.
10 The Stalin interview is in FRUS: 1949, V, 562–63. For Acheson’s careful analysis of it and the clarifications that followed, see his Present at the Creation, pp. 267–70.
11 Murphy, “Memorandum for the Files,” February 19, 1949, Murphy Papers, Box 77 (courtesy of Christian Ostermann). For a representative summary of arguments against Program A, see DRE SP-2, a State Department Office of Intelligence Research paper, “Effects of Postponement of the Western German State,” in FRUS: 1949, III, 194–95.
12 GFK to Acheson and James Webb, February 8, 1949, PPS Records, Box 15, “Germany 1949” folder; Franks to Foreign Office, March 4, 1949, British Foreign Office Records, FO 371/74160; Murphy minutes, Acheson-GFK conversation, March 9, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, III, 102–3; Murphy to Clay, March 10, 1949, Murphy Papers, Box 57 (courtesy of Christian Ostermann). See also Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 161–63; and Beisner, Dean Acheson, pp. 134–35.
13 GFK Diary, March 10–12, 1949.
14 GFK Diary, “Visit to Germany,” March 10–21, 1949, partially published also in GFK, Memoirs, I, 429–42. GFK’s account of his conversation with François-Poncet also appears in FRUS: 1949, III, 113–14.
15 GFK to Acheson (unsent), March 29, 1949, GFK Papers, 163:58.
16 Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, p. 162.
17 Jessup to Acheson, April 19, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, III, 859–62; GFK memorandum, “Position of the United States at Any Meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers on Germany That May Occur,” April 15, 1949, ibid., pp. 858–59. See also Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 166–69; and GFK, Memoirs, I, 443.
18 Acheson to Lewis Douglas, May 11, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, III, 872–73; James Reston, “U.S. Plan Weighed,” New York Times, May 12, 1949.
19 GFK, Memoirs, I, 444–45; Bohlen, Witness to History, pp. 285–86; Jessup to Acheson and Murphy, May 14, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, III, 878; Acheson to Truman, May 22, 1949, ibid., p. 893; Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, pp. 71–72.
20 Reston, Deadline, p. 323; GFK, Memoirs, I, 444.
21 Acheson, Present at the Creation, pp. 291–92. See also Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 169–70.
22 GFK to Acheson, May 20, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, III, 888–90.
23 The cat metaphor comes from Beisner, Acheson, p. 141.
24 GFK, Memoirs, I, 447. See also, on the larger context, Schwartz, America’s Germany, pp. 35–40, 306–7.
25 Quoted in Beisner, Dean Acheson, p. 544.
26 PPS/49, “Economic Relations Between the United States and Yugoslavia,” February 10, 1949, in PPS Papers: III, 14–24.
27 PPS/39/2, “United States Policy Toward China,” February 25, 1949, ibid., pp. 25–28.
28 GFK National War College lecture, “Where Are We Today?” December 21, 1948, p. 8, GFK Papers, 299:19; Minutes, Policy Planning Staff meeting, March 1, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 10.
29 Draft Working Paper, “United States Policy Toward Communism,” March 8, 1949, PPS Records, Box 8, “Communism 1947–51” folder. One of the few scholarly evaluations of the Davies-Adams paper is Selverstone, Constructing the Monolith, pp. 122–25.
30 PPS minutes, April 1, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 12.
31 For a recent overview of American anticommunism, see Morgan, Reds. Truman’s campaign attacks on Wallace are discussed in Hamby, Man of the People, pp. 453–54.
32 Acheson to U.S. embassy in Belgrade, February 25, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 873; Willard Thorp memorandum of Acheson conversation with Paul Hoffman, February 19, 1949, ibid., p. 872; Johnson-Acheson meeting memorandum, July 21, 1949, ibid., p. 909; Minutes, Under Secretary of State Staff Meeting, August 31, 1949, Department of State Records, Executive Secretariat Files, Box 13; Eban Ayers Diary, September 15, 1949, Ayers Papers, Box 27, “Diary, 1949” folder.
33 GFK to Acheson, April 19, 1949 (drafted by Robert Joyce), PPS Records, Box 33, “Chronological 1949” folder; PPS/54, “Policy Relating to Defection and Defectors from Soviet Power,” June 29, 1949, in PPS Papers, III, 80; Minutes, Under Secretary of State Staff Meeting, August 31, 1949, Department of State, Executive Secretariat Files, Box 13.
34 GFK to John Paton Davies, December 6, 1984, GFK Papers, 10:12 (emphases in the original). Kennan wrote Davies after receiving a query from the historian Bruce Cumings, who seemed “very anxious to stage an academic-journalistic coup” by showing that the CIA had planned assassinations “under the influence of the diabolic State Department. Since you and I appear to be almost the only survivors of that period who had anything to do with OPC, I would like to nip this firmly in the bud.” The fullest account of Pash’s activities is in Simpson, Blowback, pp. 152–55, which sees them as providing a justification for subsequent confirmed CIA assassination plots, but does not contradict what Kennan claimed in his letter to Davies.
35 Robert Joyce to Carlton Savage, April 1, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 12–13; Minutes, Under Secretary of State Staff Meeting, August 31, 1949, Department of State, Executive Secretariat Files, Box 13; Acheson memorandum, conversation with Bevin, September 14, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, V, 316: GFK interview, September 7, 1983, p. 23. Corke, U.S. Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy, especially pp. 55, 75, 84, makes the case for GFK’s culpability in the Albanian fiasco; for a less accusatory view, see Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 207–9.