3 GFK to McGeorge Bundy, March 14, 1980, GFK Papers, 7:10; GFK untitled lecture to “Selected Leaders of Industry,” January 14, 1948, p. 27, ibid., 299:2; GFK Diary, March 18, 1949.
4 R. Gordon Arneson memorandum, “Tripartite Negotiations Chronology,” undated, in FRUS: 1949, I, 506–7. The Joint Chiefs of Staff report, “Evaluation of Effect on Soviet War Effort Resulting from the Strategic Air Offensive,” May 11, 1949, is excerpted in Etzold and Gaddis, Containment, pp. 360–64. Nuclear stockpile figures are from Norris and Kristensen, “Nuclear Notebook,” p. 66. For GFK’s lack of access to this information, see Bundy, Danger and Survival, p. 201.
5 PPS/58, “Political Implications of Detonation of an Atomic Bomb by the U.S.S.R.,” August 16, 1949, in PPS Papers: 1949, pp. 122–23; GFK to JLG, October 1, 1993, JLG Papers.
6 GFK Diary, September 13, 19, 20, 23, 24, 1949.
7 Ibid., September 27, 1949; Rhodes, Dark Sun, pp. 374–77. Botti, Long Wait, pp. 1–64, covers the history of these negotiations. For the significance of Fuchs’s espionage for the Soviet bomb project, see Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 220–23.
8 Rhodes, Dark Sun, pp. 252–54, 374–75, 381. In fact, the Soviet Union had been working on its own “super” since 1946. See Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 295.
9 PPS minutes, November 3, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, I, 573–76; Beisner, Dean Acheson, p. 230. See also GFK Diary, October 12, 1949, GFK Papers, 231:18. GFK’s meeting that day was with “Eisenhower’s colonels,” a group of officers recruited by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, now the president of Columbia University but still a consultant to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, for the purpose of thinking about national security issues on a five- to ten-year time scale.
10 Oppenheimer to GFK, November 17, 1949, in FRUS: 1950, I, 222–23; GFK draft statement, November 18, 1949, Oppenheimer Papers, Box 43, “Kennan” folder. See also Bird and Sherwin, American Prometheus, p. 425.
11 Nitze to Acheson, December 19, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, I, 610–11. See also Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, pp. 87–91; and Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 303–4.
12 GFK memorandum, “The International Control of Atomic Energy,” January 20, 1950, extracts published in FRUS: 1950, I, 22–44. The Shakespeare is from Troilus and Cressida, Act I, Scene 3. See also the Lilienthal Diary, December 18, 1949, in Lilienthal, Journals of Lilienthal, II, 610; and GFK, Memoirs, I, 472. I have borrowed portions of the above paragraphs from Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, pp. 77–78.
13 GFK to Lucius Battle, January 24, 1950, in FRUS: 1950, I, 22; GFK, Memoirs, I, 474. Acheson’s comment is from an April 9, 1963, interview by David McLellan, quoted in his Acheson, p. 176. GFK confirmed that Acheson never said this to him, in a letter to George Krol, February 9, 1981, GFK Papers, 1:2.
14 Report by the Special Committee of the National Security Council, “Development of Thermonuclear Weapons,” January 31, 1950, in FRUS: 1950, I, 513–17. See also Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 306–7.
15 Nitze interview, p. 3.
16 Rusk interview, p. 5; Acheson National War College remarks, December 21, 1949, Webb Papers, Box 20.
17 GFK National War College lecture, December 21, 1949, GFK Papers, 299:32, pp. 27–28. For the riots in Bogotá, see Pogue, George C. Marshall, pp. 385–93. GFK’s 1948 National War College lecture is discussed in Chapter Fourteen, above.
18 GFK Diary, February–March 1950. See also GFK, Memoirs, I, 476–484, and Memoirs, II, 65–70. Ilya Repin’s painting, Easter Procession in the Region of Kursk, is in the Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow.
19 GFK to Acheson, March 29, 1950, in FRUS: 1950, II, 598–624. I have also drawn, with reference to GFK’s views on Guatemala, on an April 3, 1950, memorandum from Edward W. Clark, of the Office of Middle American Affairs, to Edward G. Miller, assistant secretary of state for inter-American affairs, describing GFK’s views, DSR-DF 1950–54, Box 608, “123 Kennan” folder.
20 For the first interpretation, see Miscamble, Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy, pp. 316–17 ; Mayers, Kennan and the Dilemmas of U.S. Foreign Policy, pp. 261–66; Beisner, Dean Acheson, p. 571; Stephanson, Kennan and the Art of Foreign Policy, pp. 162–65; and Trask, “George F. Kennan’s Report on Latin America.” For the second, see Hixson, George F. Kennan, pp. 70–71; LaFeber, Inevitable Revolutions, pp. 107–8; and Smith, Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine, pp. 65–73.
21 I owe this phrase to the physicist Murray Gell-Mann.
22 GFK speech, “Current Problems in the Conduct of Foreign Policy,” Milwaukee, May 5, 1950, GFK Papers, 251:13. Most of the speech was published in the Department of State Bulletin 22 (May 15, 1950), 747–61.
23 See, for example, GFK’s off-the-record address to the Pentagon Joint Civilian Orientation Conference, April 17, 1950, pp. 12–14, GFK Papers, 299:39. Acheson’s National Press Club speech of January 12, 1950, “Crisis in Asia—an Examination of U.S. Policy,” is in Department of State Bulletin 22 (January 23, 1950), 111–18. It followed NSC 48/2, “The Position of the United States with Respect to Asia,” approved by Truman on December 30, 1949, in FRUS: 1949, VII, 1215–20, which in turn grew out of the PPS/39 series, dating from September 1948.
24 Beisner, Dean Acheson, pp. 281–306, provides a vivid account of these events. For McCarthy’s speech, see Oshinsky, Conspiracy So Immense, pp. 108–12.
25 Davies interview, December 8, 1982, pp. 12–13. See also GFK, Memoirs, II, 196–97, 200–203; Corke, U.S. Covert Operations and Cold War Strategy, pp. 78–80; and Kahn, China Hands, pp. 244–46.
26 GFK to Webb, March 30, 1950, in FRUS: The Intelligence Community, 1950–1955, pp. 5–8.
27 The lecture, delivered on May 5, 1950, is in GFK Papers, Box 2, “May 5, 1950” folder, along with the handbill. For GFK’s complaint, see the Summary of Daily Meeting with the Acting Secretary, May 8, 1950, Department of State, Summaries of the Secretary’s Daily Meetings, 1949–52, E 393, Box 1 (courtesy of Thomas Schöttli).
28 ASK to GFK, February 23, 1950, JEK Papers.
29 PPS minutes, October 11, 1949, PPS Records, Box 32. For GFK’s earlier thinking on conventional deterrence, see PPS/33, “Factors Affecting the Nature of the U.S. Defense Arrangements in the Light of Soviet Policies,” June 23, 1948, in PPS Papers, II, 281–92; and GFK, Memoirs, I, 311–12.