33 Ibid., April 24, May 4, 6, 7, 1975.
34 Ibid., May 12, 1975.
35 “Trip to Helsinki,” July 1975, GFK Papers, 24:6.
36 Urban, “Conversation with George F. Kennan,” pp. 10–43; GFK Diary, August 23, 1976. Acheson’s comment, relating to GFK’s 1952 expulsion from the Soviet Union, is in Present at the Creation, p. 697.
37 Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, pp. 1, 247; GFK, “United States and the Soviet Union, 1917–1976,” p. 682; GFK interview, August 26, 1982, p. 3; Nitze, Tension Between Opposites, p. 131. 1.
38 Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, pp. 353–54; Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, pp. 262–63.
39 GFK Diary, February 3, 1977; GFK, Cloud of Danger, p. vii.
40 Goodman interview, p. 16; GFK to Mimi Bull, September 29, 1977, Bull Papers; Philip Geyelin, “A Grand Design for Peace,” Washington Post, June 26, 1977; GFK, Cloud of Danger, p. 204, also pp. 3–26, 228–234; James Reston, “Kennan on Carter’s Diplomacy,” New York Times, April 3, 1977; GFK Diary, June 30, 1977.
41 The text of Kennan’s November 22 speech appeared in The Washington Post on December 11, 1977.
42 GFK interview, August 26, 1982, p. 3; Nitze interview, p. 15.
43 Marilyn Berger, “An Appeal for Thought” [interview with GFK], New York Times Magazine, May 7, 1978; Paul H. Nitze, “A Plea for Action,” ibid.; GFK to S. Frederick Starr, May 15, 1978, GFK Papers, 155:1. 1.
44 Lee Lescaze, “Solzhenitsyn Says West Is Failing as Model for World,” Washington Post, June 9, 1978; “Diary Notes, Summer, 1978,” p. 13, GFK Papers, 239:4. An abridged text of Solzhenitsyn’s address appeared in The Washington Post two days later.
45 Eugene V. Rostow, “Searching for Kennan’s Grand Design,” Yale Law Review 87 (June 1978), 1527–48.
46 GFK Diary, August 19, 1978; GFK to Reston, November 28, 1978, GFK Papers, 41:9.
47 Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, p. 313. For evaluations of the archival evidence, see Zubok, Failed Empire, pp. 227–64; Ouimet, Rise and Fall of the Brezhnev Doctrine in Soviet Foreign Policy; and Westad, Global Cold War, especially pp. 218–41, 250–88, 299–330.
48 Ullman interview, pp. 13–14.
49 Goodman interview, pp. 17–19; Bull to JLG, May 30, 2002, JLG Papers; Bull diary note, October 1–15, 1972, Bull Papers.
50 GFK interview, September 4, 1984, pp. 3–4; Gennadi Gerasimov, “From Positions of Realism,” Pravda, July 12, 1977.
51 Dilworth interview, p. 13; Goodman interview, pp. 21–24.
52 Black interview, p. 16; Goodman interview, p. 18; GFK Diary, March 28, 1978.
53 Paul M. Kennedy, “Bismarck Bowing Out,” Washington Post Book World, January 6, 1980; Kissinger to GFK, January 10, 1980, GFK Papers, 26:11.
54 GFK to Kissinger, February 2, 1980, ibid.; GFK, Decline of Bismarck’s European Order, pp. 3–7.
55 Black interview, p. 16. For an earlier example of GFK’s detective work, see his “The Sisson Documents,” Journal of Modern History 28 (June 1956), 130–54.
56 Bull diary note, October 1–15, 1972, Bull Papers.
57 Schlesinger Diary, September 28, 1979, in Schlesinger, Journals, p. 474; GFK Diary, September 17, 1979; Thompson, Hawk and the Dove, pp. 273–74. For a detailed account that doesn’t mention Nitze’s role, see Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation, pp. 913–34.
58 Don Oberdorfer, “George Kennan Urges Tougher Stance on Iran,” Washington Post, February 28, 1980; Charles Mohr, “George Kennan Says U.S. Magnifies Soviet Threat,” New York Times, February 28, 1980; James Reston, “Some Hope for the Hostages,” ibid., March 14, 1980; GFK to Harrison Salisbury, December 23, 1968, GFK Papers, 43:2. See also Chapter Twenty-Two, above.
59 GFK undelivered draft speech, December 1979, GFK Papers, 325:7.
60 Durbrow to GFK, October 6, 1980, ibid., 12:10; Durbrow interview, p. 13.
61 GFK to Durbrow, November 10, 1980, GFK Papers, 12:10.
62 GFK Diary, October 2, 1980. The text of the speech is in GFK, Nuclear Delusion, pp. 134–47. The actual figure for the combined American and Soviet nuclear arsenals in 1980 is approximately 54,000. “Global Nuclear Stockpiles, 1945–2006,” p. 66.
TWENTY-FOUR ● A PRECARIOUS VINDICATION: 1980–1990
1 GFK Diary, March 11, 1981 [misdated, in perhaps a Freudian slip, 1891].
2 Ibid. April 17, 1981. 1.
3 The full text of the speech, partially published in Washington Post on May 24, 1981, is in GFK, Nuclear Delusion, pp. 175–82. For the occasion, see Don Oberdorfer, “Kennan Urges Halving of Nuclear Arsenals,” Washington Post, May 20, 1981. 1.
4 Don Oberdorfer, “George Kennan’s 30-Year Nightmare of Our ‘Final Folly,’” ibid., May 24, 1981; Talbott, Master of the Game, p. 165; Barbara Slavin and Milt Freudenheim, “Kennan: Are We Nuclear Lemmings?” New York Times, May 24, 1981. The Rostow testimony, delivered on June 22, 1981, was excerpted in ibid., June 23,1981.
5 Nitze, From Hiroshima to Glasnost, pp. 302, 307–8, 363; Talbott, Master of the Game, pp. 157–59.
6 GFK interview, October 31, 1974, p. 6; GFK Diary, March 22, 1981. 1.
7 Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, p. 352; Cannon, President Reagan, pp. 287–89; Lettow, Reagan and His Quest to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, pp. 3–41, 132–34.
8 Bernard Gwertzman, “U.S. Says It Is Not Bound by 2 Arms Pacts With Soviets,” New York Times, May 20, 1981; GFK, “Denuclearization,” ibid., October 11, 1981; Talbott, Master of the Game, pp. 168–70.
9 Reagan National Press Club Speech, November 18, 1981, Public Papers of the Presidents: Reagan, 1981; “George Kennan Calls on U.S. to View Soviet More Soberly,” New York Times, November 18, 1981; “Adding Up the ‘Zero Option’ Will Take Time,” ibid., November 22, 1981. See also Tom Wicker, “A Voice of Rationality,” ibid., December 1, 1981. GFK’s Dartmouth speech is in Nuclear Delusion, pp. 192–207.
10 GFK to Charles James, November 27, 1980, Douglas James Papers; GFK, “A Risky Equation,” New York Times, February 18, 1981; GFK Diary, February 20, 1981. Reagan’s January 29 press conference is in Public Papers of the Presidents: Reagan, 1981. See also Hayward, Conservative Counterrevolution, p. 97.
11 GFK Diary, March 19, 22, April 16, 1981.
12 Reagan Notre Dame speech, May 17, 1981, in Public Papers of the Presidents: Reagan, 1981.
13 GFK Diary, May 27, 1981.
14 Reagan to John O. Koehler, July 9, 1981, in Skinner, Anderson, and Anderson, Reagan, p. 375. See also Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, pp. 349–53, and Matlock, Reagan and Gorbachev, pp. 3–26.
15 Pipes, Vixi, p. 193; GFK to Reston, November 28, 1978, GFK Papers, 41:9. For Reagan’s jokes, as well as a summary of what more sophisticated indicators were showing about the Soviet economy, see Hayward, Conservative Counterrevolution, pp. 102–16.