18 February: Ukrainian partisan forces under Nykyfor Hryhoriiv ally with the Red Army. 24 February: Estonia is cleared of Red forces by the Estonian national army with the aid of the Whites’ Northern Corps. 2–6 March: The First Congress of the (Communist) Third International (the Komintern) meets in Moscow. 2–10 March: Hryhoriiv’s partisans clear Kherson province of all French and other interventionist forces before capturing Nikolaev (12–15 March) from a stranded German garrison and advancing on Odessa. 5 March: The Inter-Allied Railway Committee is established at Harbin to oversee the running of the Trans-Siberian line. 8 March: The American Bullitt mission arrives in Russia to investigate the terms on which the Soviet regime would treat with its enemies. 10–11 March: A further Don Cossack uprising against Soviet rule begins. 13 March: Admiral Kolchak’s Russian Army launches its Spring Offensive, moving across the Urals toward the Volga. 14–16 March: Kolchak’s Western Army captures Ufa. 16 March: The Bolshevik Central Committee decides on repressive measures against the Don Cossacks (“de-Cossackization”). 17 March–16 June: A Red Army offensive on the Ukrainian Front captures most of Ukraine and Crimea. 18–23 March: The 8th Congress of the RKP(b) meets in Moscow. It adopts a new party program and reorganizes the Central Committee (through establishing within it the Politbiuro, the Orgbiuro, and the Secretariat), but sees attacks on the party leadership from the Military Opposition and the Democratic Centralists. 21 March: A Communist regime under Béla Kun is established in Hungary. (Overthrown on 1 August 1919.) 23 March: An agreement is signed between Soviet Russia and the Bashkir leadership, establishing a Bashkir ASSR within the RSFSR. Apriclass="underline" In Moscow the Tactical Center is created, aimed at uniting the activities of other anti-Bolshevik underground organizations (the National Center, the Union for the Regeneration of Russia, etc.). 2 Apriclass="underline" French and other Allied forces begin to evacuate Odessa, which is occupied by Hryhoriiv’s partisans on 6 April. General Malleson’s troops begin to evacuate Transcaspia. 3–7 Apriclass="underline" Soviet forces enter Crimea across the Perekop isthmus and capture Simferopol′ (10 April), Evpatoriia (10 April), Yalta (12 April), and Sevastopol′ (29 April). 7 Apriclass="underline" The Bavarian Soviet Republic is proclaimed in Munich. (It collapses on 5 May.) Kolchak’s forces capture Sterlitamak, Belebei, and Menzelinsk. 8 Apriclass="underline" French and Greek forces abandon Odessa. 9 Apriclass="underline" The Revvoensovet of the Republic establishes a political section (converted on 26 May into the Political Administration of the Red Army, PUR) to control political commissars. 11 Apriclass="underline" A Sovnarkom decree is issued on the creation of forced labor camps. 15 Apriclass="underline" Kolchak’s Western Army captures Buguruslan. 16 Apriclass="underline" General von der Goltz overthrows the Ulmanis government in Latvia and installs the pro-German regime of Andrievs Niedra. 19 Apriclass="underline" Soviet forces are driven from Vil′na (Vilnius, Wilno) by the Polish army. A series of mutinies on French vessels in the Black Sea begins. 28 Apriclass="underline" French troops evacuate Sevastopol′, where a workers’ soviet had been established to administer the city on 19 April. 28 April–20 June: A strategic counteroffensive of Soviet forces on the Eastern Front pushes Kolchak’s forces back 250–300 miles to the Urals, capturing Ufa and other cities. 30 Apriclass="underline" General Miller and the White government in North Russia recognize the supreme authority of Admiral Kolchak. 1 May and 3 May: Soviet Russia and Soviet Ukraine issue ultimatums demanding the withdrawal of Romanian forces from Bessarabia and Bukovina. 1–21 May: Allied forces advance southward from Murmansk to the northern shores of Lake Onega. 5 May: On Trotsky’s insistence, the commander of the Red Eastern Front, S. S. Kamenev, is dismissed for insisting on pursuing Kolchak’s forces into Siberia and for refusing to release troops for transfer to the Southern Front. Kamenev is subsequently reinstated by Lenin (29 May). 7 May–June: Hryhoriiv’s partisans are at the center of a major rebellion against Soviet power in Ukraine, leading to the collapse of the Southern Front against Denikin. 8 May: The Central Ruthenian People’s Council declares union with Czechoslovakia. 13 May: Iudenich’s 25,000-strong North-West Russian Army launches an advance toward Petrograd from its base in Estonia. 22–23 May: German, Russian, and Latvian forces under von der Goltz drive the Red Army from Riga and southern Latvia. Red forces recapture Merv. 25 May: Estonian and White forces capture Pskov (Pihkva). 26 May: An Allied note to Kolchak offers conditional de facto recognition to the Omsk government as the government of Russia. Kolchak’s reply (4 June) is deemed sufficiently positive to warrant an additional Allied note (12 June) promising further assistance, but there is no overt statement of recognition. 26 May–10 June: Some 8,000 British troops arrive in North Russia to relieve garrisons there. 30 May: Nestor Makhno resigns his command in the Red Army. A few days later (2 June) he is denounced as a kulak and a bandit by Trotsky. June: Allied forces begin to evacuate North Russia. 1 June: As the Red Army storms the Urals, Admiral Kolchak announces the creation of a single Russian Army in Siberia, organized into a new Eastern Front. The VTsIK decree “On the Unification of the Soviet Republics of Russia, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania and Belorussia for the Struggle against World Imperialism” centralizes control of military and economic affairs in the commissariats of the RSFSR. 1–28 June: Red Army defensive operations take place on the Narva–Pskov front. 5 June: The Landeswehr War begins with German attack on Estonian armored trains. 8 June: Soviet authorities declare Makhno and his followers “outside the law.” 9 June: Ufa is recaptured by Red forces. Kolchak’s forces retreat beyond the Urals. Evhen Petrushevych is appointed dictator of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic. 10 June: Kolchak confirms General Iudenich as Commander of All Land and Sea Forces on the North-West Front. 10–17 June: Anti-Bolshevik mutinies and uprisings are suppressed at a series of fortresses around the Gulf of Finland (Krasnaia Gorka, Seraia Loshad′, Obruchev, etc.), but Red forces rally, and Iudenich is forced to retreat. 12 June: Denikin formally subordinates the command of the Armed Forces of South Russia to Kolchak. 16 June: A Slovak Soviet Republic is established by Hungarian Red Guards. (It collapses on 7 July 1919.) 17–18 June: British naval forces under Lieutenant (later Commodore) Agar attack the Reds’ Baltic Fleet on coastal motor boats; the Soviet cruiser Oleg is torpedoed and sunk off Krasnaia Gorka. 18–20 June: The 9th SR Party Conference in Moscow resolves to cease armed struggle against the Soviet government. 19 June: The Red Army begins offensive operations to drive White forces back from Petrograd. 21–23 June: In the decisive battle of the Landeswehr War (Battle of Võnnu), von der Goltz is defeated by the Estonian Army and the Latvian Northern Corps and is subsequently forced to abandon Riga (5 July). 21 June–7 January 1920: A strategic offensive of Red forces on the Eastern Front leads to the annihilation of Kolchak’s forces and the establishment of Soviet power in the Urals and across Siberia.