6–21 July: After some initial successes, anti-Bolshevik risings at Iaroslavl′ and other towns in the upper-Volga region (including Murom, Rybinsk, Nizhnii Novgorod, and Penza), which had been organized by B. V. Savinkov and his Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, are crushed by Soviet forces. 8 July: Anglo–French forces capture Kem, on the western shore of the White Sea. 10 July: Czechoslovak forces capture Syzran′. The Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets agrees to the formation of a regular army and the employment of former tsarist officers as military specialists; it also ratifies the first constitution of the RSFSR. 10–11 July: M. A. Murav′ev, the Left-SR commander of Red forces on the Eastern Front, revolts, attempting to end hostilities with the Czechoslovak Legion and reopen the war against Germany. Murav′ev is shot dead during his arrest. 11–12 July: The Ashkhabad uprising, led by the Menshevik–SR Ashkhabad Committee of Salvation, begins expulsion of the forces of the Tashkent Soviet from Transcaspia and establishes the Transcaspian Provisional Government. 16–17 July: Tsar Nicholas II, his wife, his progeny, and his retainers are executed at Ekaterinburg. 19 July: The constitution of the RSFSR comes into force. 22 July: Czechoslovak forces capture Simbirsk. 23 July: The Volunteer Army captures Stavropol′. 25 July: Czechoslovak forces capture Ekaterinburg. 29 July: Compulsory military training is introduced in the RSFSR; officers of the old army are ordered to register. 2 August: By invitation of the newly proclaimed Supreme Administration of the Northern Region, under N. V. Chaikovskii, some 1,500 British, American, and French forces disembark at Arkhangel′sk. 3–10 August: 12,000 Japanese and a small British force land at Vladivostok. 3–25 August: A Red Army offensive operation on the Eastern Front aimed at the liberation of the Volga and Ural regions is unsuccesful. 6–7 August: Czechoslovak and Komuch forces capture Kazan′, before local Soviet forces can evacuate the imperial gold reserves that had been stored there. 7 August–16 November: Workers in the Ural towns of Izhevsk and Votkinsk rise against the Bolsheviks. 9–20 August: Lieutenant-General A. P. Vostrosablin leads Soviet forces’ defense of the fortress of Kushka (Serhetabat) against forces of the anti-Bolshevik Transcaspian government. 10 August: Responding to a call for assistance from the Ashkhabad Committee, British and Indian troops under the command of General W. Malleson (Norperforce) cross into Transcaspia from northern Persia. 11 August–12 November: Terek Cossack forces led by G. F. Bicherakhov conduct a 100-day siege of Groznyi before overcoming its Soviet defenders. 14 August: Dunsterforce enters Baku. 15–18 August: The Volunteer Army finally captures Ekaterinodar. 26 August: The Volunteer Army captures Novorossiisk, gaining access to the Black Sea. 27 August: Supplementary agreements to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk are signed in Berlin; Soviet Russia agrees to pay 6 trillion marks in compensation to Germany. 30 August: F. E. Kaplan, alleged to be an SR terrorist, shoots at Lenin, hitting him twice, as he leaves a meeting at the Mikhelson factory in Moscow. M. S. Uritskii, head of the Petrograd Cheka, is assassinated by an officer cadet with connections to the SRs (Leonid Kannegeiser). 31 August: A Cheka-led mob enters the British embassy in Petrograd; Captain F. N. A. Cromie, the British naval attaché, is killed. 31 August–4 September: British agent Robert Bruce Lockhart and others implicated in the “Lockhart Plot” are arrested in Moscow. 20 August: Czechoslovak forces clear the last Red troops from the Trans-Siberian Railway near Irkutsk. 2 September: The Revvoensovet of the Republic is created, headed by Trotsky, and post of main commander (commander in chief) is established, first occupied by I. I. Vācietis. The RSFSR is declared to be a “single armed camp.” 5 September: The Sovnarkom decree “On Red Terror” grants sweeping powers to the Cheka, which immediately executes hundreds of prisoners and hostages. 5 September–28 February 1919: A Red Army strategic offensive operation against the Czechoslovak Legion, the People’s Army of Komuch, and White formations on the Eastern Front is aimed at the capture of the Volga–Kama and Urals regions and the establishment of links with the Turkestan Soviet Republic. 6–9 September: A military coup, organized by Captain G. E. Chaplin, is launched at Arkhangel′sk against the Supreme Administration of the Northern Region. 8–23 September: Representatives of Komuch, the Provisional Siberian Government, and other anti-Bolshevik organizations gather at Ufa (the Ufa State Conference) and, under pressure from Allied agents and the Union for the Regeneration of Russia, agree to the establishment of a coalition Provisional All-Russian Government (the Directory). 10–12 September: Red forces, under the personal direction of Trotsky, recapture Kazan′, Vol′sk, and Simbirsk, the first major victories of the Red Army. 14–15 September: The advance of the Turkish Army of Islam forces Dunsterforce to abandon Baku. Before regular Turkish forces can enter the city, some 9,000 Armenians are massacred by local Azeris and Turkish irregulars in the “September Days.” 14 September–8 October: Offensive operations of the 1st and 4th Red Armies and the Volga Military Flotilla result in the capture of Syzran′, Samara, and other Volga cities. 16 September: The Order of the Red Banner is established. 19–22 September: Japanese forces occupy Blagoveshchensk and extend control along the entire Amur branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway. 20 September: The Twenty-Six Commissars (the former leaders of the Baku Commune) are executed between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma (on the Transcaspian Railway). 25 September: The British government approves the dispatch to anti-Bolshevik forces in Russia of equipment for 100,000 men. (A further consignment for another 100,000 was agreed to on 6 December 1918.) October: The Whites’ South-Western (from December 1918 Independent Orenburg, from May 1919 Independent Southern) Army is formed. In northwest Russia, with German support, the Independent Pskov Volunteer Corps is formed. 2–3 October: The British agent Robert Bruce Lockhart leaves Moscow for Finland, the British government having agreed to the release and repatriation of his Soviet equivalent in London, M. M. Litvinov. 7 October: The Provisional Government of the Northern Region is created at Arkhangel′sk. 8 October: After a lengthy illness, General Alekseev dies at Ekaterinodar. The 5th Red Army captures Samara. 14 October: General Ironside succeeds General Poole as commander of the Allied forces in North Russia; by the end of October these consist 6,330 British, 5,200 Americans, 1,700 French, and 2,700 Russians. 15 October: Vice Admiral V. M. Al′tfater is named as the first commander of all naval forces of the RSFSR. 18 October: Lenin is persuaded by Trotsky to recall Stalin from Tsaritsyn; Trotsky is incensed that, during the “Tsaritsyn affair,” Stalin and his associates in the town have resisted the centralization of the Red Army and have refused to cooperate with military specialists—namely, the commander in chief of the Southern Front, General P. P. Sytin. Sovnarkom formally abolishes workers’ control in industry. 28 October: The Czechoslovak National Council, in Prague, proclaims the independence of Czechoslovakia; the disintegration and collapse of Austria-Hungary begins. 29 October: The command of the Czechoslovak Legion in Russia orders a general withdrawal from the Volga front. 30 October: An Allied–Turkish armistice is signed at Mudros, on the island of Lemnos. 1 November: British and Indian forces assist troops of the Ashkhabad Committee in capturing the oasis of Merv from Red forces of the Tashkent Soviet. 1–4 November: As Ukrainian troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army (the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen) seize the city (1 November), the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic is proclaimed at L′viv (L′vov). 1 November–16 July 1919: The Ukrainian–Polish War begins in Galicia (Western Ukraine). 8 November: The Military Academy of the Red Army opens. 11 November: The Allied–German armistice effectively brings an end to the First World War. Romanian forces occupy Bukovina. 13 November: VTsIK announces the annulment of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Red Army begins to advance into Ukraine, Belorussia, and the Baltic provinces. 14 November: The British War Cabinet agrees to send arms and ammunition to Denikin and to grant de facto recognition to the Ufa Directory, which has now moved to Omsk. A British fleet will also be sent into the Baltic to help the Baltic states establish their independence. 17 November: German forces begin to withdraw from occupied areas of the former Russian Empire. 2,000 British and Indian troops, under General Thompson, reoccupy Baku. 17–18 November: A coup at Omsk unseats the Ufa Directory and names Admiral A. V. Kolchak as “Supreme Ruler and Commander-in-Chief of all Russian Land and Sea Forces.” 18 November: Tautas Padome (the Latvian National Council), at Riga, proclaims the Latvian Provisional Government under Kārlis Ulmanis. 19 November: The Estonian National Council (the Maapäev) returns to power as Estonia affirms its independence. 20 November: Denikin’s forces crush the Red Army of the North Caucasus near Stavropol′, beginning a process that will bring all of the North Caucasus under White control by February 1919. Red forces capture Pskov. The Provisional Workers’ and Peasants’ Government of Ukraine is established; the second Bolshevik invasion of Ukraine begins. 22 November: Polish forces capture L′viv (Lwów); the West Ukrainian People’s Republic moves its capital to Stanislau (Stanyslaviv). 22–29 November: The Red Army moves into Estonia and captures Narva; the Estonian Workers’ Commune is established under Jaan Anvelt. 23–27 November: Allied forces land at Novorossiisk, Sevastopol′, and Odessa. 24 November: A British division under General G. T. Forestier-Walker lands at Batumi and begins establishing control of the Baku–Batumi railway. 30 November: The Council of Worker and Peasant Defense is created in Moscow. VTsIK repeals the 14 June 1918 ban on Menshevik participation in Soviet institutions, following that party’s expression of conditional support for Soviet power. November–January 1919: In the wake of German withdrawals, the 7th Red Army and other Soviet forces occupy Belorussia and parts of the Baltic region. 2 December: Sovnarkom votes to disband the Committees of the Village Poor. 6 December: Red forces capture Dvinsk. 7–31 December: The Georgian–Armenian War erupts over control of the provinces of Lori and Javakheti and the Borchalo district. 8 December: Sovnarkom recognizes the Estonian Soviet Republic (proclaimed on 29 November), which will collapse the following month. The Communist Party of Lithuania establishes a Soviet government at Vilnius. 10 December: Soviet forces capture Minsk. 12 December: A Royal Navy squadron under Rear Admiral E. A. Sinclair reaches Revel (Tallinn) and delivers weapons to Estonian nationalist forces. 12–14 December: The Skoropadskii regime in Kiev collapses, and the Directory of the reestablished Ukrainian National Republic is formed. 17–24 December: As German forces withdraw from the city, some 1,800 French troops land at Odessa—the first contingent of a 60,000-strong army of occupation (including also Greek, Polish, Senegalese, and Algerian detachments) that will soon occupy the Black Sea coast from Bessarabia to Kherson. 24 December: Red forces capture Tartu. 24–25 December: Kolchak’s Northern Army captures Perm′. 26–27 December: Royal Navy vessels off Revel (Tallinn) capture the Red cruiser Spartak. On board is the head of the Red Fleet, F. F. Raskol′nikov, who is taken to London. 29–31 December: Red forces recapture Ufa and Sterlitamak.