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remarries (Margaret), ref 1

death, ref 1

Edward II, King: acclaimed Prince of Wales, ref 1

birth and upbringing, ref 1

character and tastes, ref 1

coronation, ref 1

marriage and children, ref 1

relations with Piers Gaveston, ref 1

baronial opposition to, ref 1

conflict with Scots, ref 1, ref 2

and execution of Gaveston, ref 1

disgraced by Bannockburn defeat, ref 1

appoints Despenser chamberlain, ref 1

provokes civil war and violence, ref 1

authority and tyrannical rule, ref 1, ref 2

calls parliament at York (1322), ref 1

dispute over Gascony, ref 1

Isabella rebels against, ref 1

deposed and killed, ref 1

supposed survival and peregrinations, ref 1

military ineptness, ref 1

Richard II and, ref 1

Edward III, King: father sends to France to do fealty for Gascony, ref 1

and rebellion against father, ref 1

character, ref 1, ref 2

crowned, ref 1

has Mortimer killed, ref 1

reign and administration, ref 1

wars with Scotland, ref 1, ref 2

claims throne of France, ref 1, ref 2

restores knightly virtues, ref 1

and conduct of Hundred Years War, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

as warrior, ref 1

taxation, ref 1

relations with parliament, ref 1

asserts authority, ref 1

invades Normandy, ref 1

and Black Death, ref 1

and capture of King John II of France, ref 1

accepts treaties and truces in France, ref 1

achievements, ref 1

death, ref 1

Edward IV, King (earlier Earl of March and Duke of York): Black Book, ref 1

in Wars of the Roses, ref 1

appearance and character, ref 1, ref 2

crowned, ref 1

extravagance and display, ref 1, ref 2

treatment of Lancastrians, ref 1

foreign policy, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

strong rule, ref 1

view of French, ref 1

marriage to commoner (Elizabeth Woodville), ref 1, ref 2

sociability, ref 1

and Robin of Redesdale rebellion, ref 1

captured, confined in Warwick Castle and released, ref 1

defeats Lincolnshire rebels (1470), ref 1

and Warwick’s 1470 invasion, ref 1

flees to Holland, ref 1

returns to England to counter Warwick, ref 1

defeats Warwick at Barnet, ref 1

participates in trade, ref 1

and succession, ref 1, ref 2

purges enemies, ref 1

treaty with Louis XI (1475), ref 1

has Clarence killed, ref 1, ref 2

arranges family marriages, ref 1

illness and death, ref 1

solvency, ref 1

Edward V, King (earlier Prince of Wales): marriage prospects, ref 1

accession and reign, ref 1, ref 2

confined in Tower and killed, ref 1, ref 2

and Richard III’s seizure of crown, ref 1

Edward the Confessor, King of the English, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Edward the Elder, King of the Angles and Saxons, ref 1

Edward, Prince (Richard III’s son): death, ref 1

Edward, Prince of Wales (Henry VI’s son): birth, ref 1

mother protects, ref 1

as claimant to throne, ref 1, ref 2

and Wars of the Roses, ref 1

betrothal and marriage to Warwick’s daughter, ref 1, ref 2

killed at Tewkesbury, ref 1

Edward of Woodstock, Prince of Wales (‘the Black Prince’): military activities, ref 1

health decline and death, ref 1

sets up court at Bordeaux, ref 1

Edwin, King of Northumberland, ref 1, ref 2

Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of Henry II, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Eleanor of Castile, Queen of Edward I: death, ref 1

Crosses, ref 1

and birth of Edward II, ref 1

Eleanor of Provence, Queen of Henry III, ref 1, ref 2

Elizabeth I, Queen: authority, ref 1

Elizabeth II, Queen: coronation, ref 1

Elizabeth (Woodville), Queen of Edward IV: marriage, ref 1

twice takes sanctuary in Westminster Abbey, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

children, ref 1

hostility to Clarence, ref 1

and son’s succession to throne, ref 1

surrenders son Richard to Richard III, ref 1

and Lady Margaret Beaufort, ref 1

supports Lambert Simnel, ref 1

sent to nunnery, ref 1

Elizabeth of York, Queen of Henry VII: marriage to Henry, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Richard III’s supposed plan to marry, ref 1

death, ref 1

Elmet (kingdom), ref 1

Eltham palace, ref 1

Ely: as centre of Hereward’s resistance, ref 1

school, ref 1

Emma, Queen of Ethelred and of Canute, ref 1

Empson, Richard, ref 1

enclosures: in Bronze Age, ref 1

eighteenth-century Enclosure Acts, ref 1

and sheep breeding, ref 1

Engels, Friedrich, ref 1

England: early settlement, ref 1, ref 2

formed, ref 1

regional divisions, ref 1, ref 2

Romans invade and colonize, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

tribes, ref 1

government and social development under Romans, ref 1

early Christianity in, ref 1

incursion by northern tribes, ref 1

Roman rule ends, ref 1

post-Roman division and administration, ref 1

name, ref 1

under Anglo-Saxons, ref 1

converted to Christianity, ref 1

urbanization under Alfred the Great, ref 1

as Anglo-Saxon realm, ref 1

administrative units, ref 1

land ownership, ref 1

national identity formed, ref 1

involvement with France, ref 1

resistance to William the Conqueror, ref 1

under Norman rule, ref 1

frontier with Scotland defined, ref 1

development of bureaucracy, ref 1

Normans assimilated, ref 1

increased prosperity under Henry II, ref 1

archives and records develop, ref 1, ref 2

civil disorder under Edward II, ref 1

rivalry with France, ref 1

in Hundred Years War against France, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6

popular discontent (1377), ref 1

established as nation under Henry V, ref 1

foreigners’ views of, ref 1

loses possessions in France, ref 1, ref 2

economic fortunes in fifteenth century, ref 1, ref 2

prosperity under Edward IV, ref 1

historical change, ref 1

political and legal systems, ref 1

foreign-born monarchs, ref 1

English language: under Normans, ref 1

literary and official development, ref 1

prevalence under Henry V, ref 1

Epona (horse goddess), ref 1

Ermine Street, ref 1

esquires, ref 1

Essex: rebels in Peasants’ Revolt, ref 1, ref 2

estates (landed), ref 1

Ethelred II (‘the unready’), King of the English, ref 1, ref 2

Eton College, ref 1

Evesham, battle of (1265), ref 1

Evesham, monk of (chronicler), ref 1

Evreux, Louis, Count of, ref 1

exchequer: developed under Henry I, ref 1

fairs and markets, ref 1, ref 2

Falkirk, battle of (1298), ref 1

famines: (1086), ref 1

(1257), ref 1

(1314), ref 1

farming: beginnings, ref 1

Bronze Age, ref 1, ref 2

Iron Age, ref 1, ref 2

under Romans, ref 1

and climate change, ref 1

under Anglo-Saxons, ref 1

under Henry III, ref 1

and seasons, ref 1

regional diversity, ref 1

routines, ref 1

and a money economy, ref 1