History of England 1-6 [texts]

land ownership: and lordship, ref 1

as cause of disputes, ref 1

and social standing, ref 1

and land shortage, ref 1

in Black Death, ref 1

landscape: formed by farming and field system, ref 1, ref 2

Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, ref 1, ref 2

Langland, William: Piers Plowman, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7

Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, ref 1

languages: prehistoric, ref 1

see also English language

Laurence of St Martin, Sir, ref 1

law: under Normans, ref 1

reforms under Henry II, ref 1

under Edward I, ref 1

custom and precedent in, ref 1

ineffectiveness under Henry VI, ref 1

Edward IV intervenes in, ref 1

lawyers: origins, ref 1

lead mines, ref 1

Leeds: founded, ref 1

Leeds Castle, Kent, ref 1

legal rights of free men, ref 1

Leges Henrici Primi, ref 1

Leofric, Earl of Mercia, ref 1

Leopold, Duke of Austria, ref 1

le Toruk, Jacob, ref 1

Lewes, battle of (1264), ref 1

Leyburn, Roger, ref 1

life expectancy, ref 1, ref 2

Lincoln: population, ref 1

Lincoln, John de la, Earl of, ref 1

Lincolnshire: revolt (1470), ref 1

Lindisfarne, ref 1

Lindisfarne Gospels, ref 1

Lindley Hall Farm, Leicestershire, ref 1

literacy, ref 1, ref 2

Lithere, Benedict, ref 1

livestock: in medieval period, ref 1

living standards: improve in fifteenth century, ref 1

Lollards, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

London: Boudicca attacks, ref 1

as Roman capital of Britannia Superior, ref 1

population, ref 1, ref 2

burned by Danish raiders, ref 1

medieval house design, ref 1

road links, ref 1

mayor and aldermen established, ref 1

plan, ref 1

communal government, ref 1, ref 2

citizens rebel against Richard I’s taxes, ref 1

rebel barons occupy (1215), ref 1, ref 2

Prince Louis of France in, ref 1

supports de Montfort against Henry III, ref 1

Edward I imposes taxes on, ref 1

and rebellion against Edward II, ref 1

in Peasants’ Revolt (1381), ref 1

Jack Cade rebels in, ref 1

improvements and rebuilding, ref 1

longbow: English mastery of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Lords, House of see parliament

lordship: and land ownership, ref 1

and feudalism, ref 1

see also aristocracy Loudun Hill, battle of (1306), ref 1, ref 2

Louis VII, King of France, ref 1

Louis VIII (the Lion), King of France (earlier Prince), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

Louis IX, King of France, ref 1 Louis XI, King of France, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5

Lovel, Francis, 1st Viscount, ref 1

Loveraz, Richard de, ref 1

Lud (or Nud; god), ref 1

Ludlow, Shropshire: in Wars of Roses, ref 1

Lutherans, ref 1

luxury goods: imported, ref 1

Lydgate, John, ref 1

Lynn (King’s Lynn), Norfolk, ref 1, ref 2

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Baron, ref 1

Maelbeath (or Macbeth), ref 1

Magna Carta (1215), ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4, ref 5, ref 6, ref 7, ref 8, ref 9

Maiden Castle, Dorset, ref 1

Maidstone Prison: prisoners freed, ref 1

Maine, France, ref 1

Malcolm III (Canmore), King of Scotland, ref 1

Malcolm IV, King of Scotland, ref 1

Maldon, battle of (991), ref 1

Malory, Thomas: Le Morte Darthur, ref 1, ref 2

Manchester: name, ref 1

Mancini, Dominic, ref 1, ref 2

manor: as centre of agrarian life, ref 1

court records, ref 1

at Wharram Percy, ref 1

accounts, ref 1, ref 2

Map, Walter, ref 1

March, Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of, ref 1

March, Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of see Mortimer, Roger

Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI: marriage to Henry, ref 1, ref 2

birth of son, ref 1

opposes Richard of York, ref 1

and threat to son’s succession, ref 1, ref 2

in Wars of the Roses, ref 1, ref 2

shut out of London, ref 1

flees to Scotland, ref 1

takes refuge in Anjou, ref 1

forms alliance with Warwick against Edward IV, ref 1, ref 2

taken prisoner at Tewkesbury, ref 1

incarcerated in Tower and ransomed by Louis XI, ref 1

Louis XI supports, ref 1

Margaret, Queen of Edward I, ref 1

Margaret Tudor, Queen of James IV of Scotland, ref 1

Margaret of York see Burgundy, Margaret of York, Duchess of

Markeby, John de, ref 1

Martin, St, ref 1

Mase, Harry, ref 1

Mass, the, ref 1

Matilda (earlier Edith), Queen of Henry I, ref 1

Matilda (Maud), Empress (Henry I’s daughter): and succession to Henry, ref 1

conflict with Stephen over crown, ref 1

hailed as ‘lady of England’, ref 1

unpopularity, ref 1

retires to Rouen, ref 1

Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, ref 1

measurement: inexactness, ref 1

see also yard

Meaux, siege of (1421), ref 1

medicine: practice of, ref 1

megaliths, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3

see also Stonehenge

melancholy (humour), ref 1

merchant adventurers, ref 1

Mercia, kingdom of, ref 1, ref 2

Meredith, George, ref 1

Merfield, William, ref 1

Meriden, Warwickshire, ref 1

Mesolithic people, ref 1, ref 2

Middle Saxons, ref 1

Middleham, north Yorkshire, ref 1

Milton, John: Paradise Lost, ref 1

minsters (communities of priests and monks), ref 1

miracle and mystery plays, ref 1

monasteries: established by Normans, ref 1

children recruited to, ref 1

Mons Badonicus, battle of (490), ref 1

Montfort, Eleanor de, Countess of Leicester, ref 1

Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester: opposes Henry III, ref 1

and summoning of parliament, ref 1

defeated at Evesham (1265), ref 1

death and burial, ref 1

Morast (fruit drink), ref 1

More, Sir Thomas: personal display, ref 1

on literacy in England, ref 1

on Edward IV, ref 1

on Richard III, ref 1, ref 2

on Henry VII, ref 1

mort d’ancestor (legal procedure), ref 1 mortality: age of, ref 1

infant, ref 1 Mortimer, Anne, ref 1 Mortimer, Roger, 1st Earl of March, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4

Mortimer’s Cross, battle of (1461), ref 1

Morton, John, Archbishop of Canterbury (earlier Bishop of Ely), ref 1, ref 2

Motte, Agnes, ref 1

Mowbray, Thomas see Norfolk, 1st Duke of

murrain (disease), ref 1, ref 2

names: changes under Normans, ref 1

navy: King John constructs, ref 1

Henry V builds up, ref 1

Neckam, Alexander, ref 1

Nefyn, Wales, ref 1

Neolithic: as term, ref 1, ref 2

Neolithic period, ref 1, ref 2

Neville family: support Yorkists in Wars of Roses, ref 1, ref 2

Neville, George, Archbishop of York, ref 1, ref 2

Neville’s Cross, battle of (1346), ref 1

Newfoundland, ref 1

Norfolk, John Howard, 1st Duke of, ref 1, ref 2

Norfolk, Roger Bigod, 4th Earl of, ref 1, ref 2

Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of, ref 1

Normandy: Henry I invades and conquers, ref 1

Henry II’s expedition to, ref 1

King John loses to Philip Augustus, ref 1

Edward III invades, ref 1

Henry V in, ref 1, ref 2

France reclaims, ref 1, ref 2

Normans: and separation of Church and state, ref 1

Ethelred marries into, ref 1

Edward the Comfessor’s loyalty to, ref 1

under William, ref 1

invade and conquer England, ref 1

oppressive rule and occupation of England, ref 1

buildings, ref 1

introduce French language, ref 1

assimilated, ref 1, ref 2

names, ref 1

council, ref 1

wheat-growing and eating, ref 1

dynasty, ref 1

Norsemen see Vikings

North America: English exploration and settlement, ref 1

North Sea: formed, ref 1

Northampton: parliament (1380), ref 1

scholastic community, ref 1

Northampton, battle of (1460), ref 1

Northumberland, Henry Percy, 1st Earl of, ref 1, ref 2, ref 3, ref 4