Baron August von Eaxthausen was born on his father's estate near Paderborn in Westphalia, February 3, 1792. He studied in a mining school and took part in the War of Liberation, 1813-1815. His life was mainly devoted to the study of agrarian conditions in eastern Prussia and in Russia. His researches in the latter country were undertaken at the request of Nicholas I, and he is generally regarded as the discoverer of the mir or Russian village community. He died at Hanover, January 1, 1867.
Hedin, Sven, Through Asia, New York, 1899,2 vols. — Hehn, V., De moribus Ruthenorum. Zur Charakteristik der russischen Volksseele. Edited by Th. Schiemann, Stuttgart, 1892. — Hellwald, F. A. H. von, The Russians in Central Asia, translated from the German by Theo. Wirgman, London, 1874. — Herzen, A. I., Die russische Verschw6rung und der Aufstand vom 14. Dezember 1825, Hamburg, 1858 ; Russlands soziale Zustande. Aus dem russischen, Hamburg, 1854; Du developpement des idЈes revolutionnaires en Russie, par A. Iscander (pseud), Paris, 1851 ; Le monde russe et la revolution; memoires, 1812-1835, traduits par H. Delaveau, Paris, 1860-1862, 3vols.— Himmelstjerna, S. H. von, Russland unter Alexander III., Leipsic, 1891, English translation, Russia under Alexander IH., and in the preceding period, New York, 1893; Verlumpung der Bauern und des Adels in Russland, nach G. I. Uspensky und A. N. Terpigoriew, Leipsic, 1892. — Historischer Atlas von Russland, Folen, etc., vom Jahre 1155 bis zum Jahre 1816, Leipsic, 1817. —Holland, Th. E., A Lecture on the Treaty Relations of Russia and Turkey from 1774 to 1853, London, 1877. — Hourwich, I. A., The Economics of the Russian Village (Columbia studies in history, economics, and public law), New York, 1892. — Howard, В., Prisoners of Russia: a personal study of convict life in Sakhalin and Siberia, New York, 1902. — Howorth, H. H., History of the Mongols from the Ninth to the Ninetenth Century, London, 1876-1880, 4 vols.
Ignatovitch, I., Pomyeshtchitchi krestyane nakanune osvobozhdenya (Proprietor's peasants on the eve of emancipation), in " Russkoe Bogatstvo," 1900.—Ilovaiski, D. I., Istorya Rossii (History of Russia), Moscow, 1876-1890, 3 vojs.; Smutnoe vremya moskocskavo gosu- darstva (The Troublous Period in the Muscovite Empire), Moscow, 1894. —Ivanin, M. L., О voyennom iskustvye i zavoevanyakh Mongolo-Tatar i srednyeazyatskikh narodov pri Tchingis Khanye i Tammerlanye, (The Art of War and the Conquests of the Mongol-Tatars and Central- Asian peoples under Jenghiz Khan and Tamerlane), St. Petersburg, 1875.
Jauffret, P. E., Catherine H., et son regne, Paris, 1860.
Kapnist, J., Code d'organisation judiciaire russe, Paris, 1893. —Karamzin, N. M., Istorya gosudarstva rossiiskavo (History of the Russian Empire), St. Petersburg, 1818-1829, 12 vols.
Nikolai Mikhailovitch Karamzin was born December 12, 1765, at the village of Mik- hailovka, in the government of Orenburg, and died June 3, 1826, at Tsarskoi Selo. His first literary efforts consisted of translations of essays and poems from foreign languages. In 1789 he undertook a journey to Germany, France, Switzerland and England, the literary result of which was his Letters of a Russian Traveller, elegant, poetical and sentimental. These letters were first published in the Moscow Journal, of which he was the founder, and which he edited in 1791-1792. In the same periodical also appeared some of his original stories, one of which treats of the fall of Novgorod. From 1794 to 1799 he published a number of miscellanies, Aglaia, The Aonides, and the Pantheon, containing original as well as translated matter, In 1802-1803 Karamzin edited the European Messenger, destined to become one of the most important Russian reviews, and of which he was the founder. He then turned to the work of his life, the great History of the Russian Empire, which was to occupy him till his death. In this last enterprise he was aided anil encouraged by the emperor Alexander I, who contributed 60,000 rubles to the cost of publication. The history terminates at the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613. Karamzin's work is the first great Russian history. Its style is elegant and flowing, its erudition large and solid, and it abounds in curious information. It is owing to these qualities that the book still maintains its place, although much of it has by this time become obsolete. The book is especially strong in description of battles and analysis of character. Its spirit is frankly reactionary. The barbarism of early Russia is glossed over by a glittering veil of romanticism, the material, intellectual and moral condition of the Russian people is almost entirely ignored, and the book has been styled the "epic of despotism." A French translation appeared at Paris in 1819-1820, and a German one at Leipsic in 1820-1833.
Kelly, W. К., History of Russia, London, 1854, 2 vols. — Kennan, G., Tent Life in Siberia, and Adventures Among the Koraks and Other Tribes in Kamtchatka and Northern Asia, New York, 1870 ; Siberia and the Exile System, New York, 1891, 2 vols. — Kinglake, A. W., The Invasion of the Crimea, London, 1863-1887, 8 vols.—Klaczko, J., Etudes de diplomatic con- temporaine (1861-1864), Paris, 1866; Deux clianceliers (Gortchakov and Bismarck), Paris, 1877. — Eleinschmidt, A., Drei Jahrhunderte russischer Geschichte (1598-1898), Berlin, 1898.— Knorr, E., Die polnischen Aufstande seit 1830, Berlin, 1880. —Kohl, J. G., Russia: Travels, London, 1842. — Kostomarov, N. I., Istoritcheskya monografii i izslyedovanya (Historical Monographs and Researches), St. Petersburg, 1863-1867, 3 vols.; Russkaya istorya v zhiznye opisanyakh yeya glavnyeishikh dyeiyatelyei (Russian History in the Biographies of its Chief Actors), St. Petersburg, 1892-1896,4 vols.; Smutnoe vremyamoskovskavogosudarstva v natchalye XVII. stolyetya (The Troublous Period in the Muscovite Empire at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century), St. Petersburg, 1868; Poslyednie gody ryetchi-pospolitoi (The Last Years of the Polish Republic), St. Petersburg, 1870; Predanya pervonatchalnoi russkoi lyetopisi (The Traditions of the Earliest Russian Chronicles), St. Petersburg, 1881; Bogdan Khmelnitski: istoritche- skaya monografia (Bogdan Khmelnitsky: an Historical Monograph), St. Petersburg, 1884,3 vols.; Syevernorusskie narodopravstva vo vremya udyelno-vyetchevovo uklada (Popular Rights in Northern Russia During the Period of Appanages and Republics. The History of Novgorod, Pskov, and Vyatka), St. Petersburg, 1886, 2 vols.; Otcherk domashney zhizni i nravov velikorusskavo Naroda v 16. i 17. stolyetii i starinnye zemskie sbory (A Sketch of the Domestic Life and Manners of the Great-Russians in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries; and the Ancient Provincial Assemblies), St. Petersburg, 1887; Otcherk torgovli moskovskavo gosudarstva v 16. i 17. stolyetyakh (A Sketch of the Commerce of the Muscovite Empire During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries), St. Petersburg, 1889.
Nikolai Ivanovitch Kostomarov was born May 4th, 1817, at Ostrogosh, in the government of Voronezh. In 1846 he was appointed to a professorship of history in the university of Kiev. Owing to his activity for the reviving of Little Russian literature he was accused of harbouring separatist tendencies, arrested, imprisoned for a whole year, and then banished to Saratov and forbidden to teach or publish his writings. On the accession of Alexander II he was pardoned, and in- 1859 he was appointed professor of history at the university of St. Petersburg. But in 1862, when the university was closed in consequence of students' disorders, he resigned his post, and henceforth devoted himself exclusively to writing. He died at St. Petersburg, April 19th, 1885. His poetical works, which were written in the Little Russian dialect under the пот de plume of Jeremiah Halka, were published collectively at Odessa, 1875. Some of them have been translated into German. As an historian Kostomarov occupies a very high place in Russian literature. His work has assumed the form of monographs, owing to his idea that Russian history cannot be understood without an exhaustive study of the numerous ethnological elements and the separate territorial divisions of which the Russian empire is composed. In his own words, "the Russian empire represents an integration of parts that once led an independent existence, and for a considerable time after unification the life of the parts expressed itself in separate tendencies within the general political structure. To discover and disclose these peculiarities of national life in the divisions that make up the Russian empire, was the problem I set before myself in my historical labours." The justification of this view lies in the comparative recency of the Russian empire, its weakness in the assumption that the national or provincial character is unchangeable and immobile. Kostomarov had at his command a vigorous, dramatic style and a lively imagination, and his books contributed greatly toward the popularisation of historical studies in Russia: but he was also possessed in a high degree of the critical faculty, and more than one historical legend has been demolished in his pages. His "Russian History in Biographies" was translated into German and published at Leipsic, 1886-1889.