Kovalevski, M., Modern Customs and Ancient Laws of Russia, London, 1891; Le Regime economique de la Russie, Paris, 1896 ; .L'Agriculture en Russie, Paris, 1897 ; Russian Political Institutions, Chicago, 1902.
Maxim Kovalevski was born at Kharkov in 1851, of a rich and noble family that is remarkable for the number of men—and one woman—of science it has given to Russia. He studied at Berlin, Paris, and London, and in 1877-1887 he was professor of comparative law at the university of Moscow, Owing to his liberal views he was compelled to give up his position. Since then he has settled at Paris, where he has collected a valuable library, and lectured at various seats of learning in Europe and America—Stockholm, Oxford, Brussels, Chicago. He has written numerous and important works on the history of Russia, France, England, the Caucasus, etc., and is a recognised authority in the departments of pre-history, public and private law, and economic history.
Eoyalovitch, M. I., Dnyevnik poslyednyavo pokhoda Stefana Batorya na Rossiyu, 15811582. Osada Pskova (A diary of the last campaign of Stephen Batory against Russia in 1581-1582. The siege of Pskov), St. Petersburg, 1867; Tchtenya po istorii zapadnoi Rossii (Lectures on the history of Southern Russia), St. Petersburg, 1884. — Eravchinski, S. M., (Stepniak). The Russian Peasantry : Their Origin, Condition, Social Life and Religion, London, 1888, 2 vols. — Eropotkin, P. A., Memoirs of a Revolutionist, Boston, 1899. — Eulish, P. A., Istorya vozsoedinenya Rusi (A history of the unification of Russia), St. Petersburg, 1874. —Eunik, E., Die Berufung der schwedischen Rodsen durch die Finnen und Slawen, St. Petersburg, 18441845. — Europatkin, Gen. A. N., Lesconfins anglo-russe, translated by G. LeMarchand, Paris, 1879; Kashgaria, translated by Col. W. E. Gore, Calcutta, 1882 ; Kritische Riickblicke auf den russisch-turkischen Krieg 1877-1878, Berlin, 1885-1890, 3 vols.
Alexei Nikolaievitch Kuropatkin was born March 29, 1848. In 1866 he joined the army of Turkestan as a lieutenant, served with distinction in the expedition of General Kaufman in 1867-1868, was sent at the head of a diplomatic-military mission to the emir of Kashgar, and studied in 1872-1874 at the academy of the general staff. He joined the French army in Algeria as a volunteer, was active on his return in Turkestan, and then became chief of the Asiatic section of the general staff. In 1877-1878 he was chief of General Skobelev's staff, under whom he also served in the campaign against the Akhal-Tekke Turkomans, 1880-1881. In 1890 he became a lieutenant-general and governor of the Transcaspian territory, and later minister of war.
He is the author of two important works on the last Russo-Turkish War, which have been translated into French and German, and of a book of travels on Kashgar.
Labensky, A., A Russian's Reply to the Marquis de Custine's "Russia in 1839," London, 1844. —Laferte, V., Alexander II: Details inSdits sur sa vie intime et sa mort, Paris, 1882. — Lamartine, A. de, Histoire de la Russie, Paris, 1855, 2 vols. —Lansdell, H., Russian Central Asia, including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv, Boston, 1885. — Latham, R. G., Native Races of the Russian Empire, London, 1854; Russian and Turk, from a Geographical, Ethnological and Historical Point of View, London, 1878. — Latimer, Mrs. W. E., Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century, Chicago, 1893. — Leger, L., Cyrille et Methode, etude historique sur la conversion de Slaves au christianisme, Paris, 1868 ; De Nestore rerum russicarum scriptore, Paris, 1868; Traduction de la chronique de Nestor, Paris, 1884. — Lehmann, C. and Parvus (pseud.), Das hungernde Russland, Stuttgart, 1900. — Lemke, M., Otcherki po istorii tsenzuri (Studies in the History of the Russian Censorship), in "Russkoe Bogatstvo," 1903.—Leonov, R., Documents secrets de la politique russe en Orient (1888-1890), Berlin, 1893. — Leroy-Beau- lieu, A., L'empire des Tsars et les Russes, Paris, 1881-1889, 3 vols. ; Un homme d'etat russe: Nicolas Milutin, Paris, 1884; La France, La Russie et l'Europe, Paris, 1888 ; Israel chez les nations, Paris, 1893.
Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu was born in 1842 at Lisieux. Since 1881 he has been professor of modern history at the icole libre de sciences politiques in Paris. His chief work, '' L'empire des Tsars et les Busses," is one of the most important works on Russia ever published in western Europe. The first two volumes treat of the geography, ethnology, and the economic and political institutions, while the third is devoted to a study of the Russian church and the sects.
Leroy-Beaulieu, P., The Awakening of the East: Siberia, Japan, China, New York, 1900.
Lestrade, Combes de, La Russie economique et sociale, Paris, 1896. — Lessar, P., La Russie et l'Angleterre dans l'Asie centrale, Paris, 1886. —Levesque, P. C., Histoire de Russie, Yver- dun, 1782, 8 vols., Paris, 1812, 4 vols.—Livov, G., Michel Katkoffet son ёpoque: quelque pages d'histoire contemporaine en Russie (1855-1887), Paris, 1897. — Loris-Melikov, M. Т. Т., Konstitutsya grafa Lorisa-Melikova (The Constitution of Count Loris-Melikov), London, 1893.
Lyaskoronski, V., Istorya Pereyaslovskoi zemli s drevneyshikh vremyon do polovinny XIII stolyetya (A History of Pereyaslavl from the earliest times to the middle of the thirteenth century), Kiev, 1897.
Maggiolo, A. de, France et Russie; Pozzo di Borgo, 1764-1842, Paris, 1890. — Maltsev, A., Die russische Kirche, Berlin, 1893.—Manstein, Baron de, Memoirs of Russia 1727-1744, translated from the original manuscript, London, 1773. — Martens, F. F., Etude historique sur la politique russe dans la question d'Orient, Gand, 1877 ; Recueil de traitЈs et conventions conclus par la Russie avec les puissances etrangeres, St. Petersburg, 1878-1889, 10 vols.; Russia and England in Central Asia, London, 1879. — Martin, H., Histoire de France depuis 1789 jusqu'ti nos jours, Paris, 2nd edition, 1878-1885, 8 vols. — Marrin, C., The Eye Witnesses' Account of the Disastrous Russian Campaign against the Akhal-Tekke Turkomans, London, 1880; The Russian Advance Towards India; conversations with Skobelev, Ignatiev, and other distinguished Russian generals and statesmen, London, 1882 ; The Russians at Merv and Herat and their Power of Invading India, London, 1883; The Russians at the Gates of Herat, London and New York, 1885. — Marx, F., The Pacific and the Amoor: Naval, military, and diplomatic operations from 1855 to 1861, London, 1861.—Marx, K., The Eastern Question : a reprint of letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War, London, 1897; Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century, London, 1899 ; Lord Palmerston, London, 1899. — Massa, Isaac de Harlem, Histoire des guerres de Moscovie 1601-1611, Brussels, 1876; Skazanya Massy i Herkmana о smutnom vremeni v Rossii (The Accounts of Massa and Herk- mann of the Troublous Period in Russia), St. Petersburg, 1874. — Masson, C. F. P., Memoires secrets sur la Russie pendant les regnes de Catherine II et de Paul I, (in Bibliotheque des memoires relatifs a l'histoire de France pendant le 18® siecle, vol. 22), Paris, 1859. —Maxwell, J. S., The Czar, his Court and People, New York, 1849. — Mechlin, R., Das Staatsrecht des Grossfiirstenthums Finland, Freiburg, 1889. — Merimee, P., Les faux Demetrius, Paris, 1852; Episode de l'histoire de Russie, Paris, 1854; Les cosaques d'autrefois, Paris, 1865 ; Melanges historiques et litteraires, Paris, 1867; Portraits historiques et litteraires, Paris, 1874.— Michelin, L. H. S., Finland in the Nineteenth Century, Helsingfors, 1894.—Milukov, P. N.% Glavnyia tetchenya russkoi istoritcheskoi mysli (The Main Currents of Russian Historical Thought), Moscow, 1898; Skizzen russischer Kulturgeschichte. Deutsche vom Verfasser durch- gesehene Ausgabe von E. Davidson, Leipsic, 1898-1901, 2 vols.