1735-39 War with Turkey, in conjunction with Austria. The Russians conquer Otchakov at the mouth of the Dnieper and the important fortress of Khotin on the same river. But at the peace of Belgrade, hastily concluded by the Austrians, they retain only Azov.
Death of Anna. Ivan VI, her grand-nephew, succeeds her, with Biron, duke of Cour-
land, as regent during big minority.
A coup d'etat, lad by Field-marshal Munich deposed Biron and raises Princess
Anna, mother of Ivan, to th regency. But Munich is the real ruler. A palace revolution deposes Ivan„ sends Miinich to Siberia, and raises to the throne Elizabeth, a daughter of Pc'.er the Grea*. by Catherine. Sweden, urged on by France, declares war. The Swedes are defeated at Vilmanstrand.
Seventeen thousand Swedes surrender at Helsingfors. The Armenian churches in
both capitals are suppressed by order of the holy synod.
•
1743 Treaty of Abo with Sweden; Russia acquires the southern part of Finland as far as the river Kymmene.
1753 The custom-houses of the interior, as well as many toll duties, are suppressed.
The first Russian university is founded at Moscow.
The first Russian public theatre is established at St. Petersburg. Three years later
another theatre is established at Moscow.
The Russians under Apraxin defeat at Jftgerndorf the Prussians under Lewald.
The Russians under Fermor are defeated by Frederick the Great at Zorndorf. The
Academy of Fine Arts is established at St. Petersburg.
Saltikov defeats Frederick at Kunersdorf.
The Russians plunder Berlin.
1762 Death of Elizabeth. She is succeeded by her nephew, Peter III, son of her sister Anna. He makes peace with Frederick, restores to him east Prussia, which was entirely in the hands of the Russians, and orders his army to aid Frederick against the Austrians. Peter issues an ukase freeing the nobility from the obligation of entering upon some state employment; is assassinated and is succeeded by his wife, Catherine. Catherine recalls the Russian armies from Prussia. 1764 Assassination of Prince Ivan. Resumption of the ecclesiastical lands with then- one' million serfs by the state.
68 A great sobor is convened, first at Moscow and then at St. Petersburg, for the compilation of a new code. It fails of its object.
An ukaze forbids serfs to bring complaints against their masters, who were author
ised to send them at will to Siberia or to force them into the army.
74 War with Turkey.
Massacre of Jews at Uman, in the Government of Kiev, under the leadership of the
Cossack Gonta.
The Russians under Galitzin take Khotin.
Rumiantzev is victorious over the Tatars on the banks of the Larga and over the
grand vizir at Kagul. Three hundred thousand Kalmucks, with their wives and children, their cattle and their tents, flee from Russia to China.
Conquest of the Crimea by Dolgoruki. Annihilation of the Turkish fleet at Tchesme.
The Congress of Fokshani fails to bring about peace and the war is renewed. First
division of Poland. Russia acquires White Russia, including Polotsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Mohilev, Mstislavl, Gomel. 1773-74 Pugatchev's revolt.
Peace of Kutchuk-Kainardji: the sultan acknowledges. the independence of the
Tatars of the Crimea, the Bug and the Kuban, and cedes to Russia Azov on the Don, Kinburn at the mouth of the Dnieper, and all the fortified places of the Crimea.
The Zaparog military republic of the Cossacks is dissolved. The empire is reor
ganized. Instead of fifteen provinces there are created fifty governments subdivided into districts. 1783 Formal annexation of the Crimea and the country of the Kuban.
92 Second war with Turkey in conjunction with Austria.
89 War with Sweden. The Peace of Varela restores the status quo ante bellum.
The storming of Otchakov by Potemkin, accompanied by an indiscrimate massacre.
Suvarov wins the battles of Fokshani and Rimnik. Potemkin takes Bender.
Suvarov takes Ismail. The Austrians sign the Peace of Sistova, but the Russians
continue the war. Repnin defeats the grand vizir at Matchin.
Treaty of Jassy. The Russians retain only Otchakov and the seaboard between
the Bug and the Dniester.
Second division of Poland. Russia obtains an enormous extension of territory in
Lithuania and absorbs the rest of Volhinia, Podolia, and Ukraine.
Kosciuszko is defeated by Fersen at Maciejowice and Suvarov storms Praga, a suburb
of Warsaw.
Third division of Poland. Russia obtains the rest of Lithuania, besides other ter
ritories which at one time had been Russian, while Poland proper is divided between Austria and Prussia. The former power also obtains Galicia or Red Russia. Cour- land is annexed by Russia. Its last duke, Peter Biron, voluntarily renounces it in return for a yearly revenue.
Death of Catherine. Accession of her son Paul.
Paul promulgates the line of succession according to primogeniture, with precedence
in the male line. Russia joins the second coalition against France, with England, Austria, Naples and Turkey.
Suvarov defeats Moreau on the Adda, Macdonald on the Trebbia, and Joubert at Novi.
Korsakov is defeated by Massena at Zurich, and Suvarov is forced to make his memorable retreat across the Alps.
Reconciliation with France, chiefly owing to the English occupation of Malta,
Обо
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1849
1853
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Assassination of Paul. His son Alexander succeeds him. The new emperor concludes treaties of peace with England, France, and Spain. Georgia, or Grusia, is formally annexed, and a war with Persia follows in consequence.
Eight ministries are established in place of the colleges founded by Peter the Great.
The Persians are defeated at Etchmiadzin.
Alexander joins the third coalition with Austria and England. Battle of Austerlitz.
Conquest of the Persian province of Shirvan, and the taking of Derbent.
War with Turkey. Alexander joins fourth coalition, of which Prussia is also a member. Battles of Pultusk and Golymin.
Battles of Eylau and Friedland. Peace of Tilsit. Russia acquires Bielostok, a part of Prussian Poland.
War with Sweden. Finland is overrun by a Russian army.
By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn Sweden surrenders Finland. The Finns are allowed complete autonomy, the czar being its grand duke. War with Turkey. The Russians are defeated at Silistria.
The Russians are victorious over the Turks at Batyen on the Danube.
The Russians are victorious at Rustchuk. Twenty thousand Turks surrender at Giurgevo.
By the Treaty of Bukharest Russia acquires Bessarabia and a large part of Moldavia, with the fortresses of Khotin and Bender. The Pruth bccomes its boundary. The district of Viborg, which was acquired from Sweden in 1744, is added to Finland. Count Speranski, leader of the liberal party, is dismissed. Later he was exiled to Peru. Invasion of Russia by Napoleon. Battles of Smolensk and Borodino. Firing of Moscow. Napoleon orders a retreat (October 18). Battle of Malojaros- lavetz compels Napoleon to retreat by his old route. The Beresina crossed (November 26th-29th).