schizophrenia, 194
science, 145, 172
Sebastos, 30
Segal, Alan, 68–69
semidivine beings, divine beings who beget, 62–64
Semitism, 223
Semyaz, 63
separationist Christology, 305–7, 309
seraphim, 54, 83
sex, 62, 63, 241
Sibylline Oracles, 203
Sidgewick, H. A., 193, 194
Similitudes, 66–67
Sirach, 60–61, 276
slavery, 120, 361, 363
Smith, Daniel, 143
Smith, Joseph, 147
Smyrna, 299
snakes, 29, 259
Socrates, 42, 333
Sodom and Gomorrah, 72
Solomon, King, 71–72, 76, 114
Son of Man, in ancient Judaism, 64–68, 83, 101, 106–9, 113, 118, 119, 209
source monitoring, 194
Spain, 218
spirit, raising of, 178–80
spiritual body, raising of, 176–78
staircase parallelism, 273–74
Stark, Rodney, 131
Stoics, 73–74, 273
Suetonius, 160
Lives of the Caesars, 27–30, 160
Sun God, 14
supernatural, 143–44, 148, 149, 174, 188, 193, 194
Surafel, 64
Synoptic Gospels, 94–95, 102, 103, 249, 252, 270
Syria, 242, 298, 349
systematic theology, 316
Tacitus, 160
Annals, 160–61
Tam’el, 63
technology, 172
Ten Commandments, 50, 51, 53, 55
Tertullian, 300, 303, 307, 310–15, 329
Against Praxeas, 310–15
modalism attacked by, 310–15
Thebes, 23
Theodosius I, 346, 363, 364
Theodotians, 291–95
Theodotus, 291–95
theological ortho-paradox, 328–52
Thomas, doubting, 16, 182, 190, 327
Thomas, Gospel of, 94, 95, 105
Thrace, 29
Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 154
Tien, A. Y., 194
Titus, the emperor, 31
Tobin, Thomas, 275, 276
Torah, 51–52, 53, 80, 113, 121
Trajan, 233
Tralles, 299
Trinity, 309–11, 313–15, 329, 334, 335–39, 353, 356–57
terminology, 311
Trinity Evangelical Covenant Church, Chicago, 86, 87
Turkey, 47–49, 214, 349
two-powers heresy, 67–69
Tyana, 12, 14
unity, path that denies, 302–7
University of North Carolina, 48, 145, 247
Uriel, 58
Venezuela, 198
Venus, 27, 32
Vermes, Geza, 88
Vespasian, 31
Vestal Virgins, 25
Victor, Bishop, 293
Virgin Mary. See Mary
visions, 183–204
bereavement, 195–97
broader perspective, 193–95
of esteemed religious figures, 197–201
importance to resurrection faith, 184–86
of Jesus, 183–204, 379n20
of Mary, 198–99, 202
in the modern world, 200–201
nonveridical, 187, 193
terminology, 186–89
veridical, 187, 193
Vollenweider, Samuel, 263
Watchers, 63–64, 66
Wiebe, Phillip H., Visions of Jesus, 200–201
Wisdom, 70–72, 74, 75, 267–68, 276, 280, 281, 316, 317, 318, 340
Wisdom of Solomon, 71–72, 267, 275, 276
women at the tomb, 166–68, 184–85, 191
Word, 70, 72–75, 273, 274–78, 281, 316, 317, 318, 340–41
Jesus as Logos of God, 332–34
Wright, N. T., 188
Yahweh, 78, 265, 381n12
Yale University, 48
Zebedee, 296
Zeus, 14, 21, 22–23, 28, 40, 41, 62, 64, 240–41
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Photo by Dan Sears
BART D. EHRMAN is one of the most renowned and controversial Bible scholars in the world today. A master explainer of Christian history, texts, and traditions, his work continues to drive debate among supporters and detractors alike. Ehrman is the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and is the author of more than twenty books, including the New York Times bestselling Misquoting Jesus; God’s Problem; Jesus, Interrupted; and Forged. Ehrman has appeared on Dateline NBC, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, CNN, the History Channel, and top NPR programs, and he has been featured in Time, the New York Times, The New Yorker, The Washington Post, and more. Visit him online at www.bartdehrman.com.
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ALSO BY BART D. EHRMAN
Did Jesus Exist? The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth
Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are
Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don’t Know About Them)
God’s Problem: How the Bible Fails to Answer Our Most Important Question—Why We Suffer
Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why
The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament
The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings
Lost Christianities: The Battles for Scripture and the Faiths We Never Knew
Lost Scriptures: Books That Did Not Make It into the New Testament
Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium
CREDITS
Cover design: Nancy Campana Design
Cover and spine illustration: © Jeffrey Thompson, Veer
COPYRIGHT
Throughout this book I quote the Bible with some frequency. These quotations are either my own translations or drawn from the New Revised Standard Version.
HOW JESUS BECAME GOD: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee. Copyright © 2014 by Bart D. Ehrman. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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FIRST EDITION
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ehrman, Bart D.
How Jesus became God : the exaltation of a Jewish preacher from Galilee / Bart D. Ehrman.
pages cm
ISBN 978–0–06–177818–6
EPub Edition March 2014 ISBN 9780062252197
1. Jesus Christ. 2. Jesus Christ—Historicity. 3. Jesus Christ—Person and offices. I. Title.
BT304.9.E37 2014
232—dc23
2013027750
14 15 16 17 18 RRD(H) 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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