2. Hadassah Rosensaft Collection, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) Photo Archives; Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Bergen-Belsen , “ p. 611; Kolb, p. 29.
3. Hadassah Rosensaft crematorium photo, April 28, 1945, USHMM.
4. Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Bergen-Belsen,” p. 612; Brigadier Hugh Llewelyn Glyn-Hughes in “Excerpts from The Belsen Trial, Pt. 2 of 5: Testimony Concerning Water and Food,” The Nizkor Project, www.nizkor.org; see Raymond Philips, ed., The Trial of Josef Kramer and 44 Others: The Belsen Trial (London: William Hodge and Co., 1949); Kolb, p. 40.
5. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, p. 26, YIVO RG804; Kolb, p. 29; see Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Bergen-Belsen , “ p. 611.
6. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, p. 26, YIVO RG804.
7. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, p. 26, YIVO RG804.
8. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, p. 26, YIVO RG804; see NA RG242/338, T1021, Roll 5, Frame 126.
9. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, pp. 26-27, YIVO RG804; see NA RG242/338, T1021, Roll 5, Frame 126; Testimony of and Concerning Irma Grese in “Excerpts from The Belsen Trial, Pt. 5 of 5: The Trial of Adolf Eichmann, Session 101 (Pt. 3 of 4), The Nizkor Project, www.nizkor.org”; Jamie McCarthy and Ken McVay, “The Meaning of Special Treatment, Pt. 1 of 3,” Deceit and Misrepresentation: The Techniques of Holocaust Denial, The Nizkor Project, www.nizkor.org; Raul Hilberg, Documents of Destruction: Germany and Jewry 1933-1945 (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971), pp. 219-223.
10. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, p. 28, YIVO RG804.
11. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, pp. 27-28, YIVO RG804; Memo and Transfer List, Ravensbruck Concentration Camp Labor Deployment Office to Flossenburg Concentration Camp Labor Deployment Office, September 1, 1944, D II NA RG242/338, T1021 Reel 17.
12. Operation of D II, IMT, 5:980-992; sound recording, Heinrich Himmler’s Speech at Posen, October 4, 1943, NA RG238, PS 1919.
13. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, p. 27, YIVO RG804.
14. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, pp. 27-28, YIVO RG804.
15. Papers of Rudolf Martin Cheim, Joodsche Raad Voor Amsterdam, p. 26, YIVO RG804.
16. Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre, Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), pp. 29-30; CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, p. 4, NA RG226; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen: Confidential Report 242,” p. 8, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
II: THE IBM-HITLER INTERSECTION
1. Edwin Black, The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich & Jewish Palestine (New York: Macmillan, 1984; Washington, DC: Dialog Press, 1999), pp. 3-7, 26; Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, August 18, 1937, IBM Files.
2. Peter N. Stearns and John H. Hinshaw, eds., The ABC-CLIO World History Companion to the Industrial Revolution (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 1996), p. 223.
3. From V. Hollerith, “Biographical Sketch,” interviews with Madeline and George Hollerith, January 19, 1972, and May 18, 1970, cited in Geoffrey D. Austrian, Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982), p. 350.
4. Emerson W. Pugh, Building IBM: Shaping an Industry and Its Technology (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1995), pp. 2-3; Robert Sobel, IBM: Colossus in Transition (New York: Truman Talley Books, 1981), p. 14; Austrian, p. 4; Saul Engelbourg, International Business Machines: A Business History (Arno Press, 1976), pp. 2-3, and author’s typescript.
5. Sobel, p. 14.
6. Sobel, p. 14.
7. Sobel, p. 14; see Austrian, p. 15.
8. Austrian, pp. 6, 22, 40-42; see Pugh, p. 11.
9. Sobel, pp. 13-14; Pugh, pp. 1-3; 17; Austrian, pp. 82-83, 124-141.
10. Pugh, pp. 12-13.
11. Austrian, pp. 58, 69.
12. Austrian, pp. 88, 170-171, 221; Sobel, pp. 17, 20; Pugh, pp. 16, 17; see Austrian, pp. 120-121.
13. Austrian, pp. 206-207.
14. Austrian, pp. 207-208, 236-237.
15. Austrian, pp. 80, 103, 122.
16. Austrian, p. 78.
17. Austrian, pp. 146-149; Encyclopaedia Judaica, s.v. “Russian brutal regime,” pp. 444-450.
18. Austrian, p. 97.
19. Austrian, p. 225.
20. Austrian, p. 225.
21. Austrian, p. 225.
22. Austrian, pp. 234-237, 260-261, 277, 279.
23. Austrian, pp. 274-275.
24. Austrian, pp. 199-202, 273-274, 288-305.
25. Austrian, pp. 306-307.
26. Austrian, pp. 327-328; W. Heidinger, “Declaration to the IBM Advisory Panel,” June 18, 1943, IBM Files.
27. Sobel, pp. 4-5, 11-12; see Charles R. Flint, Memories of an Active Life (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1923).
28. Sobel, pp. 4-5; Flint, 85-88, 180-184, 196-225, 247-249; see Thomas Graham Belden and Marva Robins Belden, The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962), p. 90; also see Robert Wistrich, Who’s Who in Nazi Germany (New York: Macmillan, 1982).
29. Sobel, p. 5.
30. Austrian, p. 308; see Sobel, p. 5.
31. Sobel, pp. 10-12; see Pugh, p. 24; also see Austrian, p. 312.
32. Sobel, pp. 10-12; see Pugh, pp. 24-26.
33. Pugh, p. 27; Sobel, pp. 10-12; Austrian, pp. 312-313.
34. Austrian, p. 323.
35. Austrian, pp. 323-324.
36. Belden and Belden, pp. 6-7.
37. Belden and Belden, p. 4.
38. Belden and Belden, p. 5.
39. Belden and Belden, pp. 6-11.
40. William Rodgers, Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), p. 27.
41. Rodgers, pp. 16, 29-34.
42. Rodgers, pp. 31-33; Belden and Belden, p. 22.
43. Rodgers, pp. 33-35.
44. Rodgers, pp. 33-35; Belden and Belden, p. 27.
45. Rodgers, p. 40; see Thomas J. Watson, Jr., and Peter Petre, Father, Son & Co.: My Life at IBM and Beyond (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), p. 141.
46. Rodgers, pp. 40-41.
47. Rodgers, pp. 40-41.
48. Rodgers, pp. 41-43.
49. Rodgers, p. 42.
50. Rodgers, p. 42.
51. Rodgers, pp. 42-43.
52. Rodgers, pp. 48, 57.
53. Rodgers, pp. 48, 52.
54. Rodgers, pp. 53-55.
55. Rodgers, p. 60.
56. Rodgers, pp. 62-63; see Sobel, p. 42; also see Belden and Belden, pp. 76-80.
57. Rodgers, pp. 63-65; Belden and Belden, pp. 76-80; Sobel, p. 42.
58. Rodgers, pp. 63-64; Sobel, pp. 42-43; Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 141-142.
59. Rodgers, pp. 64-65; Belden and Belden, pp. 86-87.
60. Rodgers, pp. 64-65; Belden and Belden, pp. 86-87; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 13; Belden and Belden, p. 87.