61. Belden and Belden, pp. 90-91; also see Flint.
62. Belden and Belden, pp. 91-94; see Rodgers, pp. 68-71.
63. Belden and Belden, p. 93; see Rodgers, p. 69.
64. Belden and Belden, pp. 93-94; see Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 15.
65. Belden and Belden, pp. 93-94.
66. Pugh, pp. 29-30; Watson, Jr. and Petre, p. 74; Rodgers, pp. 48, 79; Engelbourg, p. 83.
67. Engelbourg, pp. 195-200; Rodgers, pp. 75, 76.
68. Pugh, p. 30; Austrian, pp. 333-335; Rodgers, pp. 79-80.
69. Rodgers, pp. 77, 79, 81; James Connally, History of Computing in Europe (IBM World Trade Corporation, circa 1967), p. 15; Carl H. Dassbach, Global Enterprises and the World Economy: Ford, General Motors and IBM, the Emergence of the Transnational Enterprise (New York: Garland Publishing, 1989), p. 166.
70. Rodgers, p. 76.
71. Rodgers, p. 76; Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 69, 82.
72. Rodgers, pp. 82-83.
73. Belden and Belden, p. 125.
74. Engelbourg, p. 183.
75. Engelbourg, p. 196.
76. Engelbourg, pp. 196, 199-202.
77. Rodgers, p. 91; Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 30.
78. Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 69, 82.
79. Watson, Jr. and Petre, p. 82.
80. Engelbourg, p. 93; Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 29-30.
81. Engelbourg, p. 94.
82. Engelbourg, p. 189.
83. Belden and Belden, pp. 126-136; Pugh, p. 337.
84. Watson, Jr., and Petre, pp. 69, 82; “International Business Machines,” Fortune, January 1940, p. 37.
85. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa 1937, IBM Files.
86. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa 1937, IBM Files.
87. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, circa 1937, IBM Files.
88. W. Heidinger, “Declaration to the IBM Advisory Committee,” June 18, 1943, p. 5, IBM Files.
89. W. Heidinger, “Declaration to the IBM Advisory Committee,” June 18, 1943, pp. 5, 9, IBM Files.
90. W. Heidinger, “Declaration to the IBM Advisory Committee,” June 18, 1943, p. 9, IBM Files.
91. “Watson Belge, S.A. Balance Sheet December 31, 1940,” “Societa Internazionale Mac-chine Commerciali and Watson Italiana S/A Balance Sheet April 30, 1940,” “A.B. Svenka Watson Sweden Balance Sheet December 31, 1942,” NA RG131.
92. IBM Correspondence, January 17, 1934, IBM Files.
93. Black, p. 217.
94. Black, 217; Saul Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, Vol. 1: The Years of Persecution, 1933-1939 (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), p. 17.
95. Black, pp. 71, 93.
96. Black, pp. 177-185, 217.
97. Black, pp. 41-42.
98. Black, pp. 104-105.
99. Black, pp. 104-105.
100. Black, p. 119; also see photo pp. 208-209.
101. See: Files of Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League, Columbia University Lehman Suite; phone number cards of Joint Boycott Council, New York Public Library Manuscript Division; Records of Jewish War Veterans, American Jewish Historical Society.
102. Watson, Jr., and Petre, p. 33.
103. Letter, H.K. Chauncey to IBM, November 29, 1940, NA RG59 662 1111/28.
104. Dr. Friedrich Zahn, “Die Statistik im nationalsozialistischen Grossdeutschland,” Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv ( ASA) 29 (1939/40): 370.
105. Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984), pp. 28-29.
106. Biehler, “Lochkartenmaschinen im Dienste der Reichsstatistik,” ASA 28 (1938/39): 90-100.
107. Dr. Johannes Muller, “Die Stellung der Statistik im neuen Reich,” ASA 24 (1934/35): 244.
108. Dr. Karl Keller, “Zur Frage der Rassenstatistik,” ASA 24 (1934/35): 134, 136, 138.
109. Keller, p. 139.
110. Keller, pp. 140-142.
111. Dr. Friedrich Zahn, “Fortbildung der Deutschen Bevolkerungsstatistik,” ASA 27 (1937/38): 181.
112. Zahn, “Die Statistik im nationalsozialistischen Grossdeutschland,” ASA 29 (1939/40): 369.
113. Zahn, “Die Statistik im nationalsozialistischen Grossdeutschland,” ASA 29 (1939/40): 370.
114. Aly and Roth, 29-35; see Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1961; Harper Colophon, 1979), pp. 31-32.
115. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, pp. 4-17, NA RG226; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” pp. 1-7,submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
116. CSDIC, “Secret Report: PW Intelligence Bulletin No. 2/57,” April 25, 1945, pp. 4-17, NA RG226; “Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH: Confidential Report 242,” pp. 1-7, submitted by Harold J. Carter, December 8, 1943, Department of Justice, War Division, Economic Warfare Section, NA RG60.
117. Letter, W. Heidinger to O.E. Braitmayer, November 14, 1935, IBM Files.
118. Denkschrift zur Einweihung der neuen Arbeitsstatte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin-Lichterfelde, January 8, 1934, p. 23, USHMM Library.
119. Denkschrift zur Einweihung der neuen Arbeitsstatte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin-Lichterfelde, January 8, 1934, pp. 39-40, USHMM Library.
120. Denkschrift zur Einweihung der neuen Arbeitsstatte der Deutschen Hollerith Maschinen Gesellschaft m.b.H. in Berlin-Lichterfelde, January 8, 1934, pp. 39-40, USHMM Library.
121. Memorial Program, Opening of the Dehomag Plant in Lichterfelde, January 8, 1934, and IBM’s translated version, IBM Files; Letter, Watson to Heidinger, February 26, 1934, IBM Files.
122. Belden and Belden, photo 144-145; see Rodgers, 48.
III: IDENTIFYING THE JEWS
1. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1961; Harper Colophon, 1979), p. 54.
2. Edwin Black, The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich & Jewish Palestine (New York: Macmillan, 1984; Washington, D.C.: Dialog Press, 1999), pp. 166-167.
3. Black, pp. 166-167.
4. Black, pp. 166-167.
5. Black, pp. 166-167.
6. Black, pp.166-167.
7. Black, pp. 166-176.
8. F. Burgdorfer, “Die Volks-, Berufs- und Betriebszahlung 1933,” Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv (ASA) 23 (1933/34): 146; also see Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984), pp. 29-33.
9. Ludwig Hummer, “Die Aufbereitung der Volks- und Berufszahlung 1933 im Hollerith-Lochkartenverfahren,” Hollerith Nachrichten (HN) 28 (August 1933): 343; Dr. Richard Couve, “Der Mensch im Lochkartenverfahren,” HN 36 (April 1934): 445.
10. Letter, Dr. Karl Koch to Thomas J. Watson, May 26, 1933, IBM Files.
11. Letter, Dr. Karl Koch to Thomas J. Watson, May 26, 1933, IBM Files.
12. Letter, Dr. Karl Koch to Thomas J. Watson, May 26, 1933, IBM Files.
13. Letter, Thomas J. Watson to Dr. Karl Koch, June 20, 1933, IBM Files.
14. Hummer, pp. 343-355; see Letter, W.D. Jones to Thomas J. Watson, January 10, 1934, IBM Files.
15. Hummer, p. 346.
16. Aly and Roth, p. 21.
17. Hummer, p. 346.