27. Eyewitness Testimony of Krzysztof Dunin-Wa
28. Author Conversation with Leon Krzemieniecki, August 18, 2001.
29. Author Conversation with Leon Krzemieniecki, August 18, 2001.
30. Author Conversation with Leon Krzemieniecki, August 18, 2001.
31. Author Conversation with Leon Krzemieniecki, August 18, 2001.
32. Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” October 5, 1942, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
33. Author Conversation with Leon Krzemieniecki, August 18, 2001.
34. Author Conversation with Leon Krzemieniecki, August 18, 2001.
35. “Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” November 30, 1941, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
36. “Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” November 30, 1941, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
37. “Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” November 30, 1941, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
38. “Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” November 30, 1941, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
39. “Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” November 30, 1941, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
40. “Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” November 30, 1941, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
41. “Report of the Statistics Office of the General Government concerning its development and work since its establishment,” November 30, 1941, T-84 NA Frames 1443744-1443809.
MAJOR SOURCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
The Holocaust literature is virtually devoid of references to Hollerith technology with several notable exceptions. Although many of these works could only raise questions about the larger picture, most of them represented early attempts to learn the truth. During my research, I benefited from all these preliminary efforts.
The first of these is Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus, by Gotz Aly and Karl Heinz Roth, published in 1984 as a well-researched study arguing against registration policies in modern Germany. In the process, Aly and Roth traced numerous forms of Nazi registration and statistical abuses, including those undertaken with Hollerith machines.
In the 1990s, there were four more references. When the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum acquired its Hollerith machine, its census uses were mentioned in the museum’s 1993 illustrated catalog, The World Must Know. Thereafter, three articles appeared in scholarly journals far from the Holocaust mainstream. The first was the excellent article “Locating the Victim: An Overview of Census-Taking, Tabulation Technology, and Persecution in Nazi Germany,” by David Martin Luebke and Sybil Milton, which appeared in the Annals of the History of Computing, published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Three years later, an attempt at rebuttal appeared in the Annals of the History of Computing, authored by Friedrich Kistermann, a retired IBM engineer and tabulator enthusiast; his work was entitled “Locating the Victims: The Nonrole of Punched Card Technology and Census Work.”
The third article was William Seltzer’s landmark work of scholarship entitled “Population Statistics, the Holocaust, and the Nuremberg Trials” in the September 1998 edition of Population Development and Review. Seltzer, a former United Nations statistical and census expert, assembled an impressive list of secondary references to census and registration during the Holocaust.
In 1997, Andreas Baumgartner offered a fleeting reference to Hollerith in a little known Austrian volume entitled Die vergessenen Frauen von Mauthausen: Die weiblichen Haftlinge des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen und ihre Geschichte.
During my research, I consulted hundreds of books, articles, monographs, pamphlets, jubilee editions and other secondary materials, both in paper form and electronically. I cannot list them all, but the following identifies some of the more salient items.
Adler, Jacques. The Jews of Paris and the Final Solution: Communal Response and Internal Conflicts, 1940-1944. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
Aly, Gotz and Karl Heinz Roth. Die restlose Erfassung: Volkszahlen, Identifizieren, Aussondern im Nationalsozialismus. Berlin: Rotbuch Verlag, 1984.
Aly, Gotz, Peter Chroust, and Christian Pross. Cleansing the Fatherland. Translated by Belinda Cooper. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
Arad, Yitzhak, Israel Gutman, and Abraham Margaliot, eds. Documents on the Holocaust: Selected Sources on the Destruction of the Jews of Germany, and Austria, Poland, and the Soviet Union. Translated by Lea Ben Dor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1981; Bison Books, 1999.
Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Viking Penguin, Inc., 1963; Penguin Books, 1965.
Armanski, Gerhard. Maschinen des Terrors: Das Lager (KZ und GULAG) in der Moderne. Munster: Verlag Westfalisches Dampfboot, 1993.
Austrian, Geoffrey D. Herman Hollerith: Forgotten Giant of Information Processing. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
Baumgartner, Andreas. Die vergessenen Frauen von Mauthausen: Die weiblichen Haftlinge des Konzentrationslagers Mauthausen und ihre Geschichte. Wien: Verlag Osterreich, 1997.
Barker, Kenneth, ed. The NIV Study Bible. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1995.
Belden, Thomas Graham and Marva Robins Belden. The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1962.
Berenbaum, Michael. The World Must Know. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993.
Black, Edwin. The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine. New York: Macmillan, 1984; Chicago: Dialog Press, 1999.
Borkin, Joseph. The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben. New York: The Free Press, 1978.
Bradsher, Greg, comp. Holocaust-Era Assets: A Finding Aid to Records at the National Archives at College Park, Maryland. National Archives and Records Administration, 1999.
Breitman, Richard. Official Secrets: What the Nazis Planned, What the British and Americans Knew. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.
Browning, Christopher R. The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Brynen, Rex. Sanctuary and Survivaclass="underline" The PLO in Lebanon. Boulder: Westview Press, 1990.