50. Steven Pinker and P. Bloom, ‘Natural language and natural selection’, Behavioural and Brain Science, volume 13, 1990, pages 707–784. Robin Dunbar, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, London: Faber & Faber, 1996.
51. Mellars and Stringer, Op. cit., page 485.
52. Ibid., page 459.
53. Ibid., pages 468–469.
54. Donald, Origins of the Modern Mind, Op. cit., page 215.
55. Ibid., page 334.
56. Ibid., pages 333–334.
57. Mellars and Stringer, Op. cit., page 356.
58. Alexander Marshack, ‘Upper Palaeolithic notation and symbols’, Science, volume 178, 1972, pages 817–828.
59. Franceso d’Errico, ‘A new model and its implications for the origin of writing: the La Marche Antler revisited’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal, volume 5, number 2, October 1995, pages 163–206.
60. Rudgley, Op. cit., page 74.
61. Ibid., page 77.
62. Ibid., page 79. ‘Three is the magic number alphabets have in common’, New Scientist, 12 February 2005, page 16.
63. Donald, Origins of the Modern Mind, Op. cit., page 348.
CHAPTER 3: THE BIRTH OF THE GODS, THE EVOLUTION OF HOUSE AND HOME
1. Mithen, After the Ice, Op. cit., page 54.
2. Ibid., pages 12–13.
3. Chris Scarre, ‘Climate change and faunal extinction at the end of the Pleistocene’, chapter 5 of The Human Past, edited by Chris Scarre, London: Thames & Hudson, forthcoming, page 13.
4. David R. Harris (editor), The Origin and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, London: University College London Press, 1996, page 135.
5. Ibid., page 144.
6. Ibid.
7. Goudsblom, Op. cit., page 47.
8. Scarre, Op. cit., page 11.
9. Harris (editor), Op. cit., pages 266–267. For the pig reference see Scarre, Op. cit., pages 9ff.
10. New Scientist, 10 August 2002, page 17.
11. Harris (editor), Op. cit., page 264. Bob Holmes, ‘Manna or millstone,’ New Scientist, 18 September 2004, pages 29–31.
12. Daniel Hillel, Out of the Earth, London: Aurum, 1992, page 73.
13. Mark Nathan Cohen, The Food Crisis in Prehistory, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
14. Groube, ‘The impact of diseases upon the emergence of agriculture’ in Harris (editor), Op. cit., pages 101–129.
15. V. G. Childe, Man Makes Himself, London: Watts, 1941.
16. Ibid., pages 554–555.
17. Jacques Cauvin, The Birth of the Gods and the Origins of Agriculture, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2000 (French publication, 1994, translation: Trevor Watkins), page 15.
18. Ibid., page 16.
19. Ibid., page 22.
20. Ibid., pages 39–48. See also: Ian Hodder, The Domestication of Europe, Oxford: Blackwell, 1990, pages 34–35, for an allied theory.
21. Cauvin, Op. cit., page 44. See John Graham Clark, World Prehistory, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1977, page 50, for curvilinear houses at Beidha in Jordan.
22. Cauvin, Op. cit., page 69.
23. Ibid., page 125.
24. Ibid. See Erlich Zehren, The Crescent and the Bull, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1962, for an earlier discussion of bull tombs in the Middle East.
25. Cauvin, Op. cit., page 128.
26. Ibid., page 132.
27. Mithen, After the Ice, Op. cit., page 59.
28. Fred Matson (editor), Ceramics and Man, London: Methuen, 1966, page 241.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., page 242.
31. Ibid.
32. Goudsblom, Op. cit., pages 58–59.
33. Matson, Op. cit., page 244.
34. Mithen, After the Ice, Op. cit., page 372.
35. Matson, Op. cit., page 245.
36. Ibid., page 210.
37. Ibid., page 211. See Clark, Op. cit., page 55, for key radiocarbon dating for Tepe Sarab.
38. Matson, Op. cit., page 207.
39. Ibid., page 208.
40. Ibid., page 220.
41. Ibid. See also Clark, Op. cit., pages 61ff. for another outline of where pottery first appeared.
42. Mircea Eliade, A History of Religious Ideas, Op. cit., volume 1, pages 114–115. Some of the dolmens are vast – one at Soto, near Seville in Spain, is 21 metres long and has as pediment a granite block that is 3.40 metres high.
43. Colin Renfrew, Before Civilisation, London: Cape, 1973, pages 162–163.
44. Ibid., page 164.
45. Ibid., page 165.
46. Alastair Service and Jean Bradbery, Megaliths and Their Mysteries, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979, page 33.
47. Ibid., page 34.
48. Ibid., page 35.
49. Chris Scarre, ‘Shrines of the land: religion and the transition to farming in Western Europe’, paper delivered at the conference ‘Faith in the Past: Theorising an Archaeology of Religion’. Publication forthcoming, edited by David Whitley, page 6.
50. Douglas C. Heggie, Megalithic Science: Ancient Maths and Astronomy in North-Western Europe, London and New York: Thames & Hudson, 1981, pages 61–64.
51. Eliade, Op. cit., page 117.
52. Service and Bradbery, Op. cit., pages 22–23.
53. Marija Gimbutas, The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe: 6500 to 3500 BC, London: Thames & Hudson, 1982, page 236.
54. Ibid., page 237.
55. Ibid., page 177.
56. Ibid., page 24. This is confirmed by Hodder, Op. cit., at page 61, where he also explores female symbolism on pottery.
57. In her book The Gods and Goddesses of Old Europe: 6500 to 3500 BC, Op. cit., Marija Gimbutas also explores links between these original ideas and the ideas of the Greeks in regard to their gods. In particular, she finds that the Great Goddess survives as Artemis: the rituals surrounding her worship recall the ceremonies hinted at in the ancient statues of Old Europe (for example, Artemis Eileithyia – ‘child-bearing’), pages 198–199.
58. Matson, Op. cit., page 141.
59. Ibid., page 143.
60. Leslie Aitchison, A History of Metals, London: Macdonald, 1960, page 37.
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid., page 38.
63. Ibid., page 39. See Clark, Op. cit., page 92, for a discussion of Susa pottery and the adoption of metallurgy.