72. Sedlar, Op. cit., page 180.
73. Ibid., page 176.
74. Ibid., page 180.
75. Ibid., page 187.
76. Keay, Op. cit., page 78.
77. Ibid., page 85. Chandragupta was a Jain and retired to Karnataka, at Stravana Belgola, west of Bangalore. There, in a cave in a hill, the emperor is said to have starved himself to death, ‘the ultimate act of Jain self-denial’. Apparently, the emperor, so successful in many ways, abdicated after learning of an imminent famine from a famous monk, Bhadrabahu, said to be the last Jain monk to have known the founder of the faith, Mahavira Nataputta. Ibid., page 86.
78. A. L. Basham (editor), A Cultural History of India, Oxford and New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1975, page 42.
79. Ibid., page 88. For the Pali/Prakrit scripts, see Richard Lannoy, The Speaking Tree: A Study of Indian Culture and Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, page 328.
80. Keay, Op. cit., page 89.
81. Ibid., page 97. See Keene Cie, Op. cit., pages 34–35 for some of the alliances formed by Ashoka, and for the spread of Brahmanism.
82. Keay, Op. cit., page 80.
83. Mukerjee, Op. cit., page 91.
84. Keay, Op. cit., page 81.
85. Ralph Turner, The Great Cultural Traditions, volume II, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1941, pages 758–759.
86. Ibid., page 760.
87. Ibid., page 762.
88. Basham (editor), Op. cit., page 171.
89. Ibid., pages 170–171.
90. Keay, Op. cit., pages 44–47.
91. Ibid., page 101.
92. Ibid., page 103. See Keene Cie, Op. cit., pages 29ff, for the India known to the Greeks.
93. Basham (editor), Op. cit., page 116.
94. Ibid., page 122.
95. Keay, Op. cit., page 104.
96. D. P. Singhal, India and World Civilisation, volume 1, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1972, page 272. Indian traders and missionaries extended their influence in south-east Asia. Excavations in the Mekong delta, in what is now Vietnam, have uncovered stone statues of Vishnu and other Hindu deities dating to the second century AD. Other finds support the idea that writing was introduced into south-east Asia from India.
97. Fairbanks, Op. cit., pages 72ff.
98. Richards, Op. cit., page 170. Wilkinson, Op. cit., pages 388ff, for the origins of Chinese script and the discovery of oracle bones; page 175 for the ganzhi system; pages 181 for the various words for year; page 202 for the 100 units; page 225 for approximate and authoritative numbers; page 241 for anti-falsification devices.
99. Richards, Op. cit., page 166. Wilkinson, Op. cit., page 206 for the meal drum and curfew.
100. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 62.
101. Ibid., page 63.
102. Ibid., page 64.
103. Ibid., page 65. Charles O. Hucker, China’s Imperial Past, London: Duckworth, 1975, pages 194ff, says it was still being written in the second century BC.
104. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 65.
105. Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilisation (second edition), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1982, page 163. (French edition: Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1972; translated by J. R. Foster and Charles Hartman.)
106. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 70. See also: Wilkinson, Op. cit., page 476, for the derivation of the word for ‘classic’.
107. Gernet, Op. cit., pages 163–164.
108. Ibid., page 167.
109. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 67 and Gernet, Op. cit., page 159. By the mid-second century AD, some 30,000 students were reported at the academy, though presumably not all were resident at the same time. (China then had a population of about 60 million.)
110. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 68.
111. Hucker, Op. cit., page 56.
112. Gernet, Op. cit., page 160.
113. Turner, Op. cit., page 776.
114. Ibid., page 777.
115. Ibid., page 778.
116. Ibid.
117. Hucker, Op. cit., page 213.
118. Gernet, Op. cit., page 124.
119. Fairbanks, Op. cit., page 63.
120. Gernet, Op. cit., page 140.
121. Ibid., pages 131–132.
122. Ibid., pages 134–135. See Werner Eichhorn, Chinese Civilisation, London: Faber & Faber, 1969, page 155, for a discussion of the economics of silk and the etymology of the words. (The Chinese word for silk is ssu.)
123. Gernet, Op. cit., page 141.
124. Eichhorn, Op. cit., page 114 for an example of his poetry. Gernet, Op. cit., page 162.
125. Hucker, Op. cit., page 200.
126. Jonathan Bloom, Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001, page 32.
127. Ibid., page 33.
128. Ibid., page 34.
129. Ibid., page 36.
130. Gernet, Op. cit., pages 168–169.
CHAPTER 9: LAW, LATIN, LITERACY AND THE LIBERAL ARTS
1. Lionel Casson, Libraries in the Ancient World, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001, pages 26–28.
2. Ibid., page 68.
3. Ibid.
4. Joseph Farrell, Latin Language and Latin Culture, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001, page 32.
5. Jones et al., The World of Rome, Op. cit., page 7.
6. Ibid., page 7.
7. Ibid., page 9.
8. Michael Grant, The World of Rome, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1960, page 26.
9. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 84.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., page 96.
12. Grant, Op. cit., page 13.
13. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 116.
14. Ibid., page 118.
15. Grant, Op. cit., page 27.
16. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 121.
17. J. D. Bernal, Science in History, volume 1, London: Penguin, 1954, page 230, gives a general perspective on Roman law.
18. Jones et al., Op. cit., page 275. For the jurists, see: O. F. Robinson, The Sources of Roman Law, London and New York: Routledge, 1997, pages 42ff.