In 1988, Clark D. Neher estimated that the membership of the CPT had fallen from 12,000 in 1976 to only 250 in 1987. He commented, “The decline of the CPT stems from four main developments: the effective counterinsurgency strategy of ‘politics over military’ and government planned economic development in Thailand’s impoverished provinces; the ending of aid to the CPT from China and the Soviet Union; the schism within the party leadership between pro-Soviet and pro-China members; and the amnesty program that led to the defection of thousands of party members, including most of the students and intellectuals who joined the movement in 1976.”[913]
Finally, in 1991 Clark Neher reported, “There was little communist activity in Thailand in 1990, although nine key members of the CPT have not yet surrendered to the authorities. … For all practical purposes, the CPT exists in name alone because mass defections have reduced it to a few hundred activists operating mostly in southern Thailand. The party receives no support from abroad and has not held a congress for six years.”[914]
Tunisian Maoism
The only Maoist group of which we have a record is the Marxist-Leninist Communist Organization of Tunisia. It was listed as a member of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement, the international organization of orthodox Maoists loyal to the Gang of Four.[915] We have no information about its origin, strength, or leadership.
Bibliography
The two most extensive sources of information on International Maoism are the Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, published for more than two decades by the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, and a series of pamphlets put out in the 1970s and the 1980s by the Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party (SED), the East German Communist Party, which at the time were marked “Not for distribution,” but have become available since the destruction of the Berlin Wall. We have drawn extensively from these sources. However, they have been supplemented by a wide range of books, pamphlets, manuscript material, and interviews. The importance of various sources of information has varied considerably from one country to the other.
All of the sources of information used in this volume are listed in what follows, arranged according to the nature of the material.
Books and Pamphlets
D. N. Aidit. The Indonesian Revolution and the Immediate Tasks of the Communist Party of Indonesia, Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1964.
Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim Zentralkomitee der SED, Institut für Imperialismusforschung. Linksradikale Gruppen End der 80er Jahre in der Kapitalistischen Welt: Dokumentation. Berlin, 1989 (listed in Notes as SED, Linksradikale).
Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim Zentralkomitee der SED, Institut für Imperialismusforschung, Institut für Internationale Arbeiterbewegung. Dokumentation. Die auf die heutige Pekinger Fuhrung orientierten, die Linksradikalen, die guerrileristischer Gruppen und die pseudolinken Terroristen-Gruppierungen in der kapitalistischen Welt: Endeder 70er/Anfang der 80er Jahre der 70er/Anfang der 80er Jahre, Berlin, 1980 (listed in Notes as SED, Dokumentation, 1980).
Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim Zentralkomitee der SED, Institut für Internationale Arbeiterbewegung. Die promaostischen Gruppierungen in den kapitalistische Landern und ihr Auftreten gegen internationale Entspannung und gesellschaftlichen Fortschritt—Internes Symposium von 29 November bis 1 Dezember 1977 in Berlin, 2 volumes (listed in Notes as SED, Symposium).
Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften beim Zentralkomitee der SED, Institut für Internationale Arbeiterbewegung, Lehrstuhl Imperialismusforschung. Dokumentation. Die Pekinger Fuhrung und die promaostische Spalterbewegung, Berlin, 1977, 2 volumes (listed in Notes as SED, Dokumentation, 1977).
Robert J. Alexander. Bolivia: Past, Present and Future of Bolivian Politics, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1982.
Robert J. Alexander. The Bolivian National Revolution, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1958.
Robert J. Alexander. Communism in Latin America, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1957.
Robert J. Alexander. The Communist Party of Venezuela, Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif., 1969.
Robert J. Alexander. International Trotskyism 1929—1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement, Duke University Press, Durham, NC, 1991.
Robert J. Alexander (editor). Political Parties of the Americas, Canada, Latin America and the West Indies, Greenwood Press, Westport, CT., 1982.
Robert J. Alexander. Presidents, Prime Ministers, and Governors of the English-Speaking Caribbean and Puerto Rico, Praeger, Westport, CT, 1997.
João Amazonas. Pela Liberdade e pela Democracia Popular, Editora Anita Garibaldi, Ltda., São Paulo, 1982.
Basic Principles for the Unity of Marxist-Leninists and for the Line of the International Communist Movement, RCP Publications, Chicago, 1981.
The Catastrophe in Indonesia: Three Articles of the Fatal Consequences of Communist Party Policy, Merit Publishers, New York, 1966.
O. Edmund Clubb. China and Russia: The “Great Game,” Columbia University Press, New York, 1971.
Declaration of the Revolutionary Internationalist Movement, London, March 1984.
Carlos Ivan Degregori. “Sendero Luminoso”: volume I, Los Hondos y Mortales Desencuentros. Volume II, Lucha Armada y Utopia Autoritaria, Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, Lima, 1986.
Diarios de Bolivia, Ediciones Fuerte, Buenos Aires, 1971.
Documentos del Partido Comunista Chino sobre la Discusión Chino-Soviético Ediciones IV Internacional, Montevideo, Uruguay, 1963.
R. Palme Dutt. Whither China? New Outlook Publishers, New York, 1967.
John Gittings. Survey of the Sino-Soviet Dispute: A Commentary and Extracts from the Recent Polemics 1963—1967, Oxford University Press, London, 1968.
Amado Guerrero. Características Específicas de Nuestra Guerra Popular, CORES (m/m) & LRP (ml), n.d. (1974).
Ernest Halperin. Nationalism and Communism in Chile, M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1965.
Ernest Halperin. Peking and the Latin American Communists, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1966.
Enver Hoxha. Imperialism and the Revolution, World Review Publications, Chicago, 1979.
Tariq Ismael and Rifa El-Said. The Communist Movement in Egypt 1920—1980, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY, 1990.
Cecil Johnson. Communist China and Latin America, 1959—1967, Columbia University Press, New York, 1970.
913
Clark D. Neher, in
914
Clark Neher, in