14 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 102 (9 August 1942).
15 Volkov, ed., Testimony, p. 118.
16 Nadezhda Cherepenina, ‘Assessing the Scale of Famine and Death in the Besieged City’, in John Barber and Andrei Dzeniskevich, eds, Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad 1941–44, p. 36.
17 Stanislav Kotov, Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, p. 20.
18 Galina Vishnevskaya, Galina: A Russian Story, New York, 1984, pp. 30–35. Vishnevskaya went on to become one of Russia’s greatest lyric sopranos. She and her husband, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, defected to the West in the late 1960s, having courted official disfavour by befriending Solzhenitsyn. Their collection of Russian art, purchased by a Russian steel magnate in 2007, is currently on public display in St Petersburg.
19 Kotov, Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, p. 86.
20 Report by the City Executive Committee to Kosygin, 28 July 1942, in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 154, p. 344. See also Kotov, Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, p. 149.
21 Kotov,Detskiye doma blokadnogo Leningrada, pp. 78–84.
22 Interviewed by the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.
23 James Clapperton, The Siege of Leningrad and the Ambivalence of the Sacred: Conversations with Survivors, Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006, p. 393; Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 179–80.
24 Clapperton, Siege of Leningrad, p. 120.
25 Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 148–9 (28 May 1943).
26 Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction, p. 201, quoting an article from The Times, 5 January 1944.
27 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 183.
28 Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’, Neva, 1, 1994, p. 281.
29 Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 2: skazka o gorokhovom dereve (1942–1944 gg.)’, Neva, 2, 1994, p. 219 (11 May 1943).
1 Führer Directive no. 41, 5 April 1942, Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s War Directives 1939–1945, pp. 116–17. Notes to Pages 370–379
2 Führer Directive no. 44, 21 July 1942, ibid., p. 127. ‘Heavy Gustav’, which could fling a seven-tonne shell twenty-three miles, needed its own cranes and tracks and took a dedicated 1,420-strong team up to six weeks to assemble and disassemble. Though transported to within thirty kilometres of Leningrad before Nordlicht was called off, it was only ever used at Sevastopol, where it was fired forty-eight times in total. One of its shells is on display in London’s Imperial War Museum.
3 Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–44, p. 617 (6 August 1942).
4 Gitta Sereny, Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth, p. 363.
5 Fritz Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv: MSG 2/4034–4038 (28 February 1943 and 31 March 1944). For more on women in the Red Army, see Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939-45, pp.143–4.
6 Antony Beevor, Stalingrad, p. 392.
7 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 126–7 (16 January 1943).
8 Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade (28 January 1943).
9 Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 219 (18 January 1943).
10 G. F. Krivosheyev, ed., Rossiya i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: poteri vooruzhyonnykh sil, p. 283; Harrison Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, p. 549.
11 Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv, p. 10 (11 August 1942).
12 Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominaniye, pisma, pp. 82–126 (February — May 1943).
13 Air-defence dept report, in Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, attachment to doc. 169, p. 398.
14 For more detail see David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944, p. 130.
15 Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, p. 132 (8 August 1943).
16 Vasili Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 8, p. 141 (18 April 1943). Altogether 186 factories were now working again, compared to 368 pre-war. About 80 per cent of factory workers were semi-skilled women aged under twenty-four. (Richard Bidlack, Workers at War: Factory Workers and Labor Policy in the Siege of Leningrad, Carl Beck Papers, 902, pp. 32–3.)
17 Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, p. 145 (18 July 1943).
18 Aleksandr Rubashkin, Golos Leningrada: Leningradskoye Radio v dni blokady, p. 195. Notes to Pages 380–393
19 Marina Starodubtseva (née Yerukhmanova), Krugovorot (vremena i sudby), typescript held by the memoirist’s family, p. 550.
20 Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv, p. 45 (16 January 1943).
21 Report by the head of the Leningrad oblast partisan organisation, M. Nikitin, to Stalin, in Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, appendix 5, doc. 2, p. 430; Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv, p. 130 (25 November 1943).
22 RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 30.
23 Walther Kulik (4 December 1943). RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 29.
24 Gerhard Buss, taken prisoner 14 January 1944. RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 29.
25 RGASPI: Fond 269, op. 1, yed. khr. 30.
26 Elliott Mossman, ed., The Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, 1910–1954, p. 234.
27 Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 179–82 (15, 22, 27 and 28 January 1944). See also Alexander Werth, Leningrad, p. 187.
1 Vasili Churkin, Voyennaya literatura: dnevniki i pisma, http://militera.lib.ru/db/churkin, pp. 8–9 (4 April 1944).
2 David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944, p. 413.
3 Fritz Hockenjos, Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv: MGS2/4037, pp. 1–2, 37 (16 January and 12 March 1944).
4 Ibid., p. 24 (14 February 1944).
5 Irina Ivanova, née Bogdanova, interview with the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.
6 Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 2: skazka o gorokhovom derive (1942–1944 gg.)’, Neva, 2, 1994, p. 246.
7 Elliott Mossman, ed., The Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, 1910–1954, pp. 237–8.
8 Yelena Kozhina, Through the Burning Steppe: A Wartime Memoir, p. 145; Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 178 (12 January 1944).
9 Lev Kopelev, No Jail for Thought, pp. 6, 93, 99, 101–4, 134.
10 Vasili Churkin, letter of 2 June 1944. In Voyennaya literatura: dnevniki i pisma, http://militera. lib. ru/db/Churkin_part4, p. 13
11 Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 226, p. 562. Notes to Pages 393–402