Читать онлайн "Mao Zedong On Dialectical Materialism" - Knight Nick - RuLit

Not only does the whole process of the movement of opposites,[4-468] both in their interconnections and in each of the aspects, have particular features to which we should give attention, but each stage in the process has its particular features to which we must give attention too.[4-469] The fundamental contradiction in a process[4-470] and the essence of the process determined by this fundamental contradiction will not disappear until the process is completed; but the conditions usually differ at each stage of development of a process.[4-471]The reason is that, although the nature of the fundamental contradiction in a process[4-472] and the essence of the process remain unchanged, the fundamental contradiction becomes more and more intensified as it passes from one stage to another.[4-473]In addition, among the numerous major and minor contradictions which are determined[4-474] by the fundamental contradiction, some become intensified, some are temporarily or partially resolved or mitigated, and some new ones emerge; hence the process is marked by stages.[4-475]

For instance, when imperialism differed from nonmonopoly capitalism,[4-476] there was no change in the[4-477] nature of the two classes in fundamental contradiction, namely, the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, [p.256] or in the capitalist essence of society; however, the contradiction between these two classes became intensified, the contradiction between monopoly and non-monopoly capital emerged, the contradiction between the various monopoly cliques emerged, the contradiction between the export of capital and the export of commodities emerged, the contradiction between the colonial powers and the colonies became intensified, the contradiction among the capitalist countries resulting from their uneven development intensified,[4-478] and thus arose the special stage of imperialism.[4-479]

Take the process of China’s democratic revolution,[4-480] which began with the Revolution of 1911; it, too, has several distinct stages.[4-481] Perhaps there are still several stages through which it must pass before this revolution will be completed. Although no change has taken place in the nature of the fundamental contradiction in the process as a whole, i.e., in the anti-imperialist, anti-feudal, democratic-revolutionary nature of the process (the opposite of which is its semi-colonial and semi-feudal nature), China has nonetheless[4-482] passed through four or five[4-483]stages of development in the course of more than twenty years; during this time many great events have taken place – the failure of the Revolution of 1911 and the establishment of the regime of the Northern Warlords, the formation of the first national united front and the great revolution,[4-484] the break-up of the united front and the desertion of the bourgeoisie to the side of the counter-revolution, the wars among the warlords,[4-485] the war of the Soviets,[4-486] the loss of Manchuria, the ending of the war of the Soviets, the transformation of the Guomindang policy, the establishment of the second united front,[4-487] and so on. These stages are marked by particular features such as the intensification of certain contradictions (e.g., the contradiction between China and Japan),[4-488] the partial or temporary resolution of other contradictions (e.g., the destruction of the Northern Warlords and the confiscation of the lands of the landlords in the Soviet areas), and the emergence of yet another contradiction (e.g., the conflicts among the new warlords, and the landlords’ recapture of the land after the loss of the Soviet areas).[4-489]

In studying the particularities of the contradictions at each stage in a process,[4-490] we not only observe[4-491] them in their interconnections or their totality, but also observe the two aspects.[4-492]

For instance, consider the Guomindang and the Communist Party. In the period of the first united front, the Guomindang[4-493] was revolutionary and vigorous, and it was an alliance of various classes for the democratic revolution. After 1927, it changed into its opposite.[4-494] After the Xian Incident, it began to change in the direction of a new phase.[4-495] Such have been the particular features of the Guomindang in the three stages. Of course, these features have arisen from a variety of causes. Now take the other aspect, the Communist Party.[4-496] In the period of the first united front, the Chinese Communist Party was in its infancy; it led the first Great Revolution[4-497] but revealed its immaturity in its understanding of the character, the tasks and the methods, etc. of the revolution. Because of this Chen Duxiuism emerged.[4-498] After 1927, [p. 257] the Communist Party led the war of the Soviets, steeling itself in this struggle with its international and internal enemies, and established the Soviets and the Red Army;[4-499] however, it committed political and military errors.[4-500] Since 1935, the Party has[4-501] again been leading a new united front,[4-502] and has raised the slogan of anti-Japanese national war and a democratic republic. These have been the particular features of the Communist Party during one stage. These features, too, have arisen from a variety of causes. Without studying both these sets of features we cannot understand the particular relation between the two parties during the various stages of their development, namely, the united front,[4-503] the break-up of the united front, and a further united front.[4-504] What is even more fundamental[4-505] than the relations between the two parties is the resultant contradictions which have arisen between each party and other forces.[4-506] For instance,[4-507] the Guomindang stood in contradiction to foreign imperialism[4-508] (sometimes adopting compromise), and in contradiction to the great masses of the people within the country.[4-509] The Communist Party has stood in contradiction to foreign imperialism,[4-510] and in contradiction to internal exploiting classes.[4-511] Because of these contradictions, there has been created both struggle and alliance between the two parties.[4-512] If we do not understand the particular features of both aspects of the contradiction, we shall fail to understand not only the relations of each party with other forces, but also the relations between the two parties; why is there the possibility of new co-operation between the Guomindang and the Communist Party? It is because of internal changes within the Guomindang which have emerged as a result of the people’s dissatisfaction over Japanese oppression.