political patronage and, 124
purpose of art in, 124–25
see also Eastern Church; religious confraternities; Roman Church
Christians, banned from pawnbroking, 31
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 55, 62, 116, 159, 172
Città di Castello, 203
Clothmakers’ Guild (Arte di Por San Maria), 33
coinage:
kings’ heads on, 12, 17
quattrino bianco, 226
trimming of, 43
see also florins, Florentine; piccioli
collecting habit, psychology of, 5
Commentary on My Sonnets (Medici), 241
compromisers, fundamentalists and, 23
condottieri (mercenary warlords), 78–79, 84, 86, 89, 116, 164, 220, 223
function of, 72–73
Constance Church Council (1414), 51–52, 55
Constantine the Great, 93
Constantinople, 21, 73, 135, 147, 229
Coronation of the Virgin, The (Angelico), 125, 126
Cosimo de’ Medici and the Florentine Renaissance (Kent), 108
Cosma, Saint, 91, 125, 126, 133
Cossa, Baldassarre, see Giovanni XXIII, Pope
Cotswolds, 22, 44, 136, 198
Councils:
of 100, 148–49, 158, 199–200
of the Commune, 95, 96, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147–48, 200, 212
of the People, 95, 96, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147–48, 200, 212
Counter-Reformation, 9, 243, 246
courtiers, 49, 65
credit:
Florence as center of international web of, 2
letters of, 6, 21, 25, 111, 135–36, 229–31
crusades, 121, 176, 194
Curia, see popes
currency:
for accounting, 36–37
for international exchange deals, 113
intrinsic value and, 12–13, 32
currency exchange:
banking profits derived from, 40–46, 91–92, 174
dry, 45–46, 104
between florins and piccioli, 31–35
Geneva as center for, 112–13
as source of Medici family’s wealth, 40, 44, 91–92
warnings and, 47
Damiano, Saint, 91
Dante Alighieri, 5, 13–14, 15, 26, 59, 83, 207
daughters, nephews given hereditary precedent over, 205–6
Davanzati, Riccardo, 135
David (Donatello), 102, 103
debt bonds, 80–81
Decameron (Boccaccio), 10, 51, 53–54
Della famiglia (Alberti), 26
democracy, 162
consensus and persuasion and, 88–89
money and, 159
official vs. unofficial shifts of power in, 91
pretense and, 138, 142, 143, 149, 200
referendums and, 95
two-party, 149
see also political power
De mulieribus claris (Boccaccio), 55
denari a fiorino, 37
deposit accounts, 6
Depositary of the Papal Chamber, 47
Dialogue on Liberty (Rinuccini), 227
discretionary deposits, 50, 79, 171
description of, 22–25
Divina commedia (Dante), 13–14, 26, 59, 207
doge, of Venice, 87
Dominic, Saint, 123–24, 125
Dominican order, 80–81, 122–24, 134
Donatello, 56, 58–59, 85, 102, 103, 116, 131, 132, 133
Donati, Lucrezia, 189–90, 193, 201, 209, 241
Donation of Constantine, 93
double-entry bookkeeping, 5, 33–34, 37
dowries, 9, 19–20, 154, 161–62
dry exchanges (cambio secco), 45–46, 104
ducats, Venetian, 43, 90, 92
duomo, 8, 29, 85, 89, 104, 122–23, 124, 206, 214–17, 242
Dwerg, Hermann, 24
Eastern Church, 116, 134–35, 140
education, 158–60
Edward III, King of England, 6
Edward IV, King of England, 179–83, 214
Eight of the Guard, see otto di guardia
England, usury legalized in, 243
English Cotswolds, see Cotswolds
Este, Borso d’, 163–64
Eugenius IV, Pope, 93, 97, 98, 100, 113, 116, 122, 123, 125, 127
exchange, see bills of exchange; currency exchange
Exchangers’ Guild (Arte di Cambio):
grounds for expulsion from, 30, 43
maximum time for exchange deals set by, 41–42
pawnbrokers barred from, 31
reputation of, 11
written transactions as rule of, 29–30
excommunication, 33, 87, 151
of Lorenzo de’ Medici, 218
as threat, 20, 104, 113, 148, 195, 196–97, 205
Eyck, Jan van, 176
Faenza, lord of, 78
family, as social unit, 26–28
Ferrante, King of Naples, 190, 205, 222–23, 245
Ferrara, marquis of, 97
feudal law, 6, 16
Ficino, Marsilio, 185, 206–9, 210–11, 236
fiorino di suggello, 43
Flanders, 20, 21
Flanders grossi, 114
Florence:
advisory bodies of, 94–95, 137
artists of, 225
bank failures in, 173, 240
banking authority in, see Exchangers’ Guild
banking neighborhood of, 29
Cosimo de’ Medici exiled from, 3, 94–100
Cosimo de’ Medici’s political power in, 3, 86–87, 106, 107–8, 137, 139–41, 143, 153–55
daily toil in, 37–38
dominions of, 67, 70, 71, 77, 79, 85–86, 200, 205, 226
dry exchanges banned in, 46
duomo of, see duomo
emblem of, 17
French invasion of, 4, 9, 244–45
galley ships of, 118, 178–79, 198
Giovanni de’ Medici elected gonfaloniere of, 62
gold currency of, see florins, Florentine
government debt bonds in, 80–81
as international center of credit and art, 2
in Italy’s internal wars, 66–79, 84, 88–90, 99–100, 106, 116–18, 141, 146–47, 150, 218, 221, 244
Lorenzo de’ Medici’s political power in, 4, 199–200, 209, 225–27
Lorenzo de’ Medici’s political reform of, 226
Lorenzo de’ Medici’s proprietary view of, 208
Lorenzo de’ Medici’s taking of money directly from, 220
Medici-Albizzi power struggle in, 88–98
Medici bank branch in, 49, 81, 83, 91, 94, 112, 171, 180, 217, 231, 232
Medici family’s expulsion from, 234, 246
Medici family’s roots in, 28
Medici political power in, 117–18, 143–45, 148–49, 167, 200, 204, 217, 223
in “Most Holy League,” 147
nobility excluded from government of, 77, 162
Orsanmichele neighborhood of, 29
pawnbrokers fined or licensed in, 31
Piero de’ Medici’s flight from, 4, 9, 245
Piero de’ Medici’s political power in, 3, 155, 160, 163–67
political parties banned in, 84, 137
political structure of, see balia; Councils; gonfaloniere della giustizia; parliament, of Florence; priors; signoria
population of, 7
post-Cosimo de’ Medici power struggle in, 153–57, 163–67
pre- and post-Medici upheavals in, 6–9
property and wealth register in, 73, 81–83, 85
property tax in, 147–48
republican constitution of, 6, 88, 137, 148, 154, 158, 159
“secret things of,” 136–38, 151, 209
silver currency of, see piccioli