smells of, 37
tax assessments in, 33
Ten of War committee of, 86, 89, 90
textile industry in, 82
towers built by nobles in, 16
two ideal self-images of, 121, 127
Volterran tax rebellion against, 85–86
war debt in, 77, 79, 88
Florentine Histories (Machiavelli), 74–76, 78–79, 86–87, 90, 140, 147, 157
florins, Florentine, 17, 79–80, 90, 92
description of, 17
exchange between piccioli and, 31–35
as indivisible unit of currency, 36
sealed, 43
worth of, 34–37
florins, Roman, 43
Fortebraccio, Niccolò, 85–86
France, 65, 67–68, 183
Italy invaded by, 4, 9, 244–45
Franciscan order, 81
Frescobaldi, Castellano di Tommaso, 50
fundamentalists, compromisers and, 23
galley ships, 118, 178–79, 198
gambling, banned for Medici bank employees, 63
General Church Council of Lyon, 10
Genesis, 236
Geneva, 66, 72
as currency center, 112–13
Medici bank branch in, 76–77, 91, 112–13, 115, 170, 175
Genevan golden mark, 43
Genoa, 67–68, 77, 195–96, 198, 226
Germany, 9, 49, 50, 65
Ghibellines, 16
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 8, 13, 62, 131
Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 166, 168–69, 170, 225
Giotto di Bondone, 5, 10, 14, 123
Giovanni XXIII, Pope (Baldassarre Cossa), 55
Giovanni de’ Medici and, 47–48, 51, 57
struggle for papacy lost by, 51–52
tomb of, 53, 56, 57–59, 121, 125, 242
God, Florence as city of, 121, 127, 136
Goes, Ugo van der, 178
gold coins, of Florence, see florins, Florentine
golden mark, 43, 113
gonfaloniere della giustizia, 106, 143, 155, 156, 160, 216
Cosimo de’ Medici elected as, 140
description of position, 62
election of, 87–88
function of, 94, 137
Giovanni de’ Medici elected as, 62
length of term served by, 87
Gonzaga, Federico, 238
Good Men of San Martino, 108–9, 127
gout, 5
description of, 3
suffered by Cosimo de’ Medici, 119, 127, 150
suffered by Lorenzo de’ Medici, 4, 226, 240
suffered by Piero de’ Medici, 3, 151, 157
Government of Florence Under the Medici, The (Rubinstein), 107–8
Gozzoli, Benozzo, 128–29, 129, 151, 168, 169
Greece, 147
Greece, ancient, 57
Greek language and philosophy, 185
Gregory XII, Pope, 51
grossi, 114
Guadagni, Antonio, 100
Guadagni, Bernardo, 97–98, 100
Guelfs, 16
Guicciardini, Francesco, 6–7, 8–9, 193, 203, 222, 225, 226, 239, 243–44
Guidetti, Tommaso, 231
guilds, 33, 88
see also Exchangers’ Guild
Guinigi, Pagolo, 90
hell, 20, 21, 26, 45, 54, 57
blasphemers in, 14
sodomites in, 13–14
usurers in, 13–14
Henry IV, King of England, 24
Henry VI, King of England, 136
Hermaphroditus, 103
Hibbert, Christopher, 92
Histoire de la Peinture en Italie (Stendhal), 223
holding system, introduction of, 48–49
Holy Roman Empire, 6, 16, 51
Holy Sepulchre, 121, 131
Holy Sepulchre, Church of, 127
Holy Trinity, 116, 134–35
homosexuals:
Cosimo de’ Medici accused of having sympathy for, 102, 103
viewed as sinners, 13–14
humanism, 19, 116, 172, 184, 211
art affected by, 130
Cosimo de’ Medici’s education in, 55, 159
Cosimo de’ Medici’s relationship with, 92–93, 108, 119, 121, 185–86
and justification of leaders, 238
Lorenzo de’ Medici’s relationship with, 206, 208
Lorenzo di Giovanni de’ Medici’s education in, 55
middle ages dismissed by, 206–8
philosophical breakthrough of, 57
prominent early figures in, 55
Savonarola’s fundamentalism as reaction to, 235
secularization of the West begun by, 92–93
Hundred Years’ War, 174
Iliad (Homer), 11–12
illustrissima, 65
Imola, 204, 213
indulgences, 20, 123, 125, 203
Innocent VIII, Pope, 225, 226, 228, 234, 241, 244
insurance, shipping and, 40
interest:
banche a minuto and, 31
discretionary deposits and, 23–24
on exchange deals, 44–45
exchange transformed by, 13
fifteenth-century vs. contemporary views of, 15
on tax loans, 80–81
see also usury
Isaac and Abraham, 8, 13
Ischia, 194–95, 196, 197
Islam, 14, 147, 195
Italian language, 225
Italy:
French invasion of, 4, 9, 244–45
illegitimacy and etiquette in, 64–65
Lorenzo de’ Medici’s political power in, 225
loss of independence of, 9
monopoly on European finance held by, 5, 21
political factions and warfare in, 6, 15–17, 66–79, 84, 88–90, 99–100, 106, 116–18, 141–42, 146–47, 150, 218, 221, 225, 244
political map of, 69
protective figures in, 66
Turkish invasion of, 223
united against Ottoman Turks, 147
Izmir, Gulf of, 195
Jerome, Saint, 64
Jerusalem, 127
Jesus Christ, 25, 74, 75, 116, 124, 130, 131, 238, 246
Jews, 116
Cosimo de’ Medici and, 103
as Florence’s only legal pawnbrokers, 31, 103
wearing of yellow circle required of, 103
John the Baptist, 53
John XXIII, Pope, 47, 52
Journey of the Three Kings (Gozzoli), 151
Kent, Dale, 108
kings:
coinage and, 12, 17
monetary exchange governed by, 12
Koran, 14
language, used as legal or moral camouflage, 24, 31
Last Judgment (in Baptistery), 54
Last Judgment (Memling), 179, 230, 231
Last Judgment (Traini), 19
Lateran Church Council (1179), 10
Latin language, 185, 208–9, 221
Leonardo da Vinci, 225, 243
Leo X, Pope (Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici), 221, 233–34, 236, 240, 243
Le Pin, Abbey of, 233
letters of credit, 6, 21, 25, 111, 135–36, 229–31
Life of Hannibal and Scipio Africanus (Acciaiuoli), 160
lily, as emblem of Florence, 17
Lippi, Filippo, 116, 133, 151
lira a fiorino, 36–37
literacy, 30
Lodi, Peace of (1454), 147
Logiati, Girolamo, 211
Lombardy, 142
London, 83, 113, 118, 197, 204
exchange deals between Italy and, 40–44
Medici bank branch in, 110–11, 114, 120, 179–83, 198, 232
population of, 7
trade between Italy and, 21–22
Lorraine, duke of, 244
Louis XI, King of France, 218, 229
Lucca, 89–90, 117, 120, 150
Luke, Saint, 11
Luther, Martin, 235, 243
Lyon, Medici bank branch in, 229–31, 232, 233, 239
Machiavelli, Girolamo, 104–6, 153
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 71–76, 78–79, 85–87, 90, 100, 140, 147, 157, 163, 193, 206, 224
Machiavelli, Totto, 42