sodomites, in Dante’s hell, 13–14
soldi a fiorino, 37
Soliloquia (Augustine), 207
“Song of the Bakers” (Medici), 209–10
“Song of the Peasants” (Medici), 210
sovrabbondanza, 81
Spain, 9, 68, 135
Spinelli, Lorenzo, 229, 239, 240
stare sugli avvisi, 47
“station in life,” 15, 25
Stendhal, 223
Storie fiorentine (Guicciardini), 222
Strozzi, Alessandro, 143
Strozzi, Palla, 96, 98, 100, 107, 111, 153, 158
Strozzi family, 164
sumptuary laws, 35–36
Supreme Good, The (Medici), 210
Switzerland, 9
Sylvester, Pope, 93
Symposium (Medici), 201
Tani, Agnolo, 175, 177, 179–82
taxes, 17, 19, 20, 87
catasto, 73, 81–83, 85
evasion of, 9, 73–74, 75, 82, 104, 109, 177
on the poor, 33, 77, 79–80, 226, 246
property, 147–48
proportional, 80–82, 84
quattrino bianco and, 226, 246
for waging war, 73, 77, 78
tax loans, 80–81
Ten of War committee, 86, 89, 90
Third World poverty, 15
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 14, 15
Tolentino, Niccolò da, 97–98
Tolfa, 195–96, 197
Tornabuoni, Francesca Pitti, 165, 167
Tornabuoni, Giovanni, 125, 166, 167, 168–69, 175, 178, 179–80, 196, 198–99, 211, 224, 228, 229, 232, 240
Tornabuoni family, 162
Tornaquinci, Neri di Cipriano, 50–51
trade:
bankers and, 22–23, 39–40, 46–47
bank failures and, 173, 240
currency exchange and, 40–46
florin as currency of, 32
galley ships rented for, 118
imbalance in, 109–11, 112–14, 135–36
risks involved in, 39–40
Rome and, 20–22, 109–11
triangular movements in, 22, 135–36, 174
Traini, 19
Traversari, Ambrogio, 55
triangular trade movements, 22, 135–36, 174
Tribute Money, The (Masaccio), 74, 75, 80
Trinity, 116, 134–35
Turks, Ottoman, 67, 134–35, 147, 176, 194–95, 197, 223, 244
Tuscan language, 225
Tuscans, as bankers, 28
Tuscany, 77, 79, 141, 219
Twelve Good Men, 94–95, 137, 143
usura, 1–2
usury, 9, 104
Dante’s hell and, 13–14
debt bonds viewed as, 80–81
discretionary deposits as means of avoiding, 23–24
exchange deals as, 45–46
legalized in Protestant England, 243
“manifest,” 31
“mental,” 24
modern definition of, 1
Pound on, 1–2
standard provision in wills made for, 9–10
viewed as sin, 1–2, 10–11, 13–15, 23–24, 45–46, 188
see also interest; money
utile, 74
Uzzano, Niccolò da, 81, 86–87, 90
Valla, Lorenzo, 93
Vasari, Giorgio, 218
veduto, 143–44
Venetian ducats, 43, 90, 92
Venetian-style bookkeeping, 33–34
Venice, 22
alum and, 196–98
Cosimo de’ Medici in, 98
doge of, 87
in Italy’s internal wars, 67–68, 71, 76, 79, 84, 99–100, 106, 117, 141, 146–47, 150, 218, 221, 225, 244
Lorenzo di Giovanni de’ Medici exiled to, 98
Medici bank branch in, 48, 50–51, 63, 83, 91, 96, 99, 112, 116, 135, 146, 172, 201, 231, 232
in “Most Holy League,” 147
Venturi, Giovanni, 135
Venturi & Davanzati, 135, 174
Vernacci, Leonardo, 168, 175, 182
Verrocchio, Andrea del, 191, 219, 225
Virgil, 14–15
Visconti, Bianca, 117, 141
Visconti, Filippo, 67–68, 71, 77, 79, 84, 90, 116, 141
Volterra, 85–86, 216
alum and, 199–203
sacking of, 201–3
wealth tax (catasto), 73, 81–83, 85
women:
Boccaccio’s writing on, 55–57
clothing regulations and, 36, 103, 178
dowries and, 9, 19–20, 154, 161–62
wool trade, 44, 179–80, 213–14, 228
anti-Italian sentiment of English in, 114
bookkeeping and, 34
decline in, 176, 240
English export restrictions on, 111, 114
triangular movements in, 22, 135–36
see also alum
woolworkers:
1378 revolt by, 7, 62
association of, 194
workers’ unions, 194