Any night there is all night. Every hour seems to pass as if it were no hour, each instant ending as it begins, in mirror of all that came before. This slip can seem both timeless, in its oncoming, and destructive, looking backward, the ground beneath your body being eaten up. We keep busy often simply to seem still moving, covering up the sound of turning under, nodding out when at last exhausted, or when there seems nowhere else to go — or everywhere to go and no specific impetus, or how when there it appears in many ways like where we’d been — the internal urge for some destruction in the face of nothing turning inward, and again reflected. “A person who commits suicide,” writes Christian Gailly, “has only one idea in mind, to kill you.” You, the you that I am, the I that you are: selves reflecting selves and in recitation, forever leading on. The clog of worlds erupting into stigma and murder, even further manifested in the mad. Of being spun and spinning, of pushing along, each of us, through doors — a waking unto black light, unto holes our longest times can hold to, trace.
The ruin of not sleeping properly or at all has proven to result in damage, unto death. Bodies sleeping “less than four hours per night are three times more likely to die within the next six years.”166 The cause is related not only to the decrease in population and activity of white blood cells, but also to a decline in the body’s ability to convert sugar into energy, resulting in an increasing ream of fat. Physical and mental response times are lowered, creative impulses diminished, performance ability waned down to states of near disuse. In an extremely rare condition known as fatal familial insomnia, found in only fifty families ever, the intensity of the sleeplessness gradually increases over four stages in a period of six to eighteen months, during which the sufferers experience burgeoning panic and paranoia among their whole household, leading to rapid weight loss, dementia, a final state of unresponsive muteness and, eventually, their end.
In general, the way we sleep is definitive not only of the general biological function of our bulk of bodies, but also of our species in the context of physiological evolution. Humans have by far the most clearly defined monophasic sleep pattern; meaning that we sleep all in one period and operate awake all in one period, subject to variation. Our sleep sets us apart. Chimpanzees operate under a more biphasic structure, with nightly ten-hour periods punctuated with many minor awakenings, and a five-hour nap during the day. Non-primate behavior tends toward a polyphasic cycle, with some species regularly varying between sleeping and waking as many as twelve times in a twenty-four-hour period. Giraffes sleep less than most any other animal, between ten minutes and two hours a day. More anomalously, baby dolphins and killer whales often do not sleep for up to thirty days after becoming born. Elephants embody another schedule of duality in that they sleep standing up through their NREM periods, and then lie down when REM hits — as if the dreaming were both the real rest and the weight. Ducks are able to split their mind into fields of sleeping and work them in shifts — one half awake to preserve the body against predators, while the other half regenerates in rest.
It is theorized, then, out of all of this, that the shift from polyphasic to monophasic sleeping might have been an important difference between Neanderthals and modern humans. Interesting, too, in light of the fact that the disruption of the monophasic cycle, the locking out, often causes in its host body a return to baser physical behaviors — beyond simple glitches in motor skills, memory, and communication, sleep deprivation can cause frustration so intense it leads to psychotic and violent behavior, and its sufferers are more prone to becoming belligerent and exercise threats.167 More directly, it can cause conditions such as “tension headaches, gastrointestinal problems, nonspecific aches and pains, and allergies.”168 Problem-solving skills can degrade, too, resulting in primitive “cram the object into the shape” strategies, as if the echo-pattern of the sleeping exhibits a return to the prior, cave-cramped mind.
Felix Kersten, a confidant of Heinrich Himmler, writes of Adolf Hitler: “An incurable disease was destroying Hitler: his judgment was affected, his critical faculties were unbalanced. The headaches, the insomnia, the weakness of the muscles, the trembling of the hands, the fumbling with words, the convulsions, the paralysis of the limbs would increase relentlessly. The ecstatic illusions, the megalomania would have no check.” And so too, with Stalin: “He began to suffer from insomnia, and his shortened arm bothered him periodically”169—such sleeplessness in some way leaking up the veins of the tyrant’s murderous malformed appendage in the image of Twin Peaks’s backwards-speaking dwarf, the Man from Another Place, who murmurs into a mirror, “I am the arm,” some kind of ruptured anatomy, an itching language, spilling forth in the way as would the fear, again, of the intruder, on and on — Stalin’s brain fraught, creeping in the holes of holes of too much waking, as Lenin’s did, as did those of Napoleon, Kafka, John Wayne Gacy, Van Gogh, Michael Jackson, leagues of the inevitable awake, their bodies tied together in their hyper-folding black-lodged knowledge of the carnal shape of night.
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Of the millions today dealing with various strands of insomnia, it is estimated that fewer than half seek treatment. This figure is similar to that of those with disturbed mental health: “57 % reported a belief that poor sleep would resolve on its own and/or one should be able to manage insomnia independently, 38 % indicated that there was a lack of awareness of available treatment options, 31 % noted a perception of treatment as ineffective or unattractive, 17 % referred to a stigma surrounding insomnia, and 11 % endorsed personal constraints regarding treatment-seeking.”170 The major problem with sleep treatment, it seems, is that the problem for each person is so diffuse; what works for one causes for another only more frustration, deeper shrieking; there’s no guaranteed off button until you’re dead. This doesn’t stop at least some of us, in certain desperations, from trying most anything anybody might suggest.
“Just relax,” people who have never had extended sleep trouble themselves have said to me in more instances than I could name. “Stop thinking, lay there, and relax.” This is, of course, easier said than done for some people, and in truth the further encouragement of such an aimless, nothing-named instruction often causes only further clouding, making worm. The more one cannot do the thing so easily offered by someone else as an easy fix, the more confounded the condition itself becomes. The solution, then, is part of the problem — the key hidden somewhere in the context of that lock — the lengths to which one might go in search of some effective combination ranging from the common sense to the extreme.
Early attempts at sleep solutions begin with what some then considered magick, a cryptic manner of appeal. A popular British medical journal from 1880 notes the success of bloodletting in those held awake by some mounting pressure in the head: “Case III: Mr. H., aged 47, foreman in a corn-mill, stout, full habit, suffered for three years from headache and oppression of the brain. He had been treated without permanent benefit by several medical men; none had bled him. On August 10th, 1879, the patient came to me and complained of pain across the top of his head, like a boring between the skull and the brain; also fullness [sic] and oppression; also feeling to stagger when walking, like a person drunk; also sleeplessness. For five weeks I tried the effect of various drugs, with but little benefit. Leeches to the head gave a little relief. On September 18th, I bled the patient to sixteen ounces; and, before the operation was finished, the headache was cured, and the following night the patient slept better than he had for several months.”171 By 1909 the same journal praises the use of electricity on flesh: “High-frequency currents, when administered carefully by a qualified medical man, induce a sleep that is pleasant in character and has no evil consequences. Further, not only is sleep produced, but the patient derives general benefit from the influence of high-frequency currents. There is a feeling of well-being and of exhilaration produced, which is permanent in character.” On the same page as the shock-praise, the article disparages the use of drugs as a solution: “Their results are not permanent; and they are frequently a source of danger to the moral of the patient. Further, while they promote sleep, they usually occasion unpleasant sensations on the day following the administration of the drug.”172