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PERIODICALS
Harrison, Tom. “The ‘Palang.’” Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, vol. 37, 1964, pp. 162–174.
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UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Gallego, Vasquito. “The Voyage of Fernão de Magalhães Written by One Man Who Went in His Company,” tr. Samuel Eliot Morison. Harvard University Archives.
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Notes on Sources
Ferdinand Magellan remains controversial even today, considered a tyrant, a traitor, a visionary, and a hero by various chroniclers. As befits an explorer who led a multinational crew on a voyage around the world, accounts of his life and circumnavigation have been heavily influenced by divergent manuscript traditions arising from a rich store of primary and important secondary sources in Spanish, French, Portuguese, Latin, and Italian. In re-creating Magellan’s epic voyage, I have generally relied on these diverse primary sources—diaries, journals, contemporaneous accounts, royal warrants, and legal testimony. Some important early Magellan sources have been translated into English for the first time for use in this book. These include a lengthy memoir by Ginés de Mafra, who was one of the survivors; early histories by João de Barros, António de Herrera y Tordesillas, and Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdez; and legal documents pertaining to the voyage now archived at Brandeis University, in Massachusetts.
The most important (though not the only) source of primary information about the voyages of Magellan and other explorers is the Archive of the Indies in Seville. Martín Fernández de Navarrete edited a multivolume compilation of the archive’s chief holdings, published in Spanish in 1837, which advanced understanding of Magellan and his era; most of the archive’s records pertaining to Magellan’s voyage are in Volume 4.
As a result of this wealth of primary sources, Spanish historians have tended to feed off earlier works in Spanish, but they are not the only important Magellan chroniclers. Portuguese historians have emphasized Portuguese sources and attitudes, often sharply critical of Magellan. More recently, English-language historians, who generally portray Magellan in a heroic light, have drawn on a wider variety of sources and languages; but as the decades have passed, they, too, have become another manuscript tradition. In particular, the naval historian Samuel Eliot Morison wrote several heavily documented chapters on Magellan in his classic work, The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages (1974), to which I happily acknowledge my debt. Curiously, F.H.H. Guillemard’s Life of Ferdinand Magellan (1890) remains the standard biography more than one hundred years after its publication; since then, new sources and approaches to the era have emerged, making it possible to give a more three-dimensional account of the voyage, including graphic and intimate details that custom prevented Guillemard from mentioning, except, perhaps, in a Latin whisper. Also worthwhile is Tim Joyner’s Magellan (1992), a concise biography buttressed by a generous selection of primary sources. Martin Torodash’s “Magellan Historiography,” published in The Hispanic American Historical Review, surveys the entire field, offering reliable if occasionally heavy-handed assessments.