8 Nietzsche, "Socrates and Tragedy,'' vol. 1 , p. 544, Colli/Montinari.
9 Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols. The Problem of Socrates, 3. On this anecdote, cf. Cicero, On Fate, 5, 10; Tusculan Disp11tations, 4, 37, 80; Alexander of Aphrodisias, On Fate, p. 1 7 1 , 1 1 Bruns. According to Zopyrus, Socrates was stupid and slow because he lacked a hollow space between his collar-bones. We can perhaps detect an echo of this notion in Carus' description of the "Boeotian type"; cf. C.G. Carus, Symbolik der mensch/ichen Gestalt, 1 858, repr. Hildesheim/Damstadt 1 962, p. 267.
IO See above.
1 1 In The Birth of Tragedy, 8, Nietzsche insists on the !llliance between wisdom and primitive instinct in the figure of the Sileni and Satyrs. Compare Jung's remarks on the alliance between wisdom and buffoonery in the nature of the elf (C.G.
Jung, Von den W11rzeln des Bewussttins, Zurich 1 954, p. 42). See also the following note.
12 S0ren Kierkegaard, The Concept of Irony with Constant Reference to SoCl"ates, CW
31, p. 1 0 = trans., intro., and notes Lee M. Capel, New York 1965 (hereafter Capel), p. 50.
13 Plato, Symposi11m, 2 1 5b.
14 Nic1z11chc, Twilight of the Idols. The Problem of Socrates, 4, vol. 6, p. 69
Colli/Muntirmi = PN, p. 475.
IS Pluto, .\'11111/111.11111111 2 l f1c.
172
Figures
1 6 Ibid, 22le.
1 7 Ibid, 2 1 6d.
1 8 K. Gaiser, Prolreptik und Paranese bei Platon. Untersuchungen zur Form des platonischen Dialogs, Stuttgart 1 959, pp. 26, 149ff, 197.
1 9 Friedrich Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, 3, vol. 6, p. 320 Colli/Montinari = in Friedrich Nietzsche, On the Genealogy of Morals, trans. Walter Kaufmann and R.J.
Hollingdale, New York 1 969 (hereafter Kaufmann and Hollingdale), p. 280.
20 P. Friedlander, Plato = An Introduction (= Bollingen Series 59. 1 ), trans.
H. Meyerhoff, vol. 1 , 2nd edn, Princeton NJ 1969, p. 1 26.
21 Cf. K. Gaiser, Platons ungeschriebene Lehre. Studien zur systematischen und geschichtlichen Begriindung der Wissenschafien in der platonischen Schute, Stuttgart 1 963, 2nd edn 1 968; H.-J. Kramer, Arete bei Platon und Aristoteles. Zum Wesen und zur Geschichte der platonischen Ontnlogie, Heidelberg 1 959; 2nd edn, Amsterdam 1 967. On the history and current state of the question, see J. Wippern, ed., Das Problem der ungeschriebenen Lehre Platons (= Wege der Forschung 1 86), Darmstadt 1 972; M.-0. Richard, L 'Enseignement oral de Platon, une nouvelle interpretation du platonisme, preface Pierre Hadot, Paris 1986.
22 J.G. Hamann, Sokratische Denkwurdigkeiten, with notes by F. Blanke, Giltershoh 1 959, p. 74. ["In an imitative way." - Trans.]
23 Cf. BOhm, Sokrates, cited above, n. 4.
24 J. Wahl, E.'tudes kierkegaardiennes, 3rd edn, Paris 1967, p. 282.
25 S0ren Kierkegaard, The Point of View for my Work as an Author, CW 33, II, 1 , A&5, p . 48 = trans., intro. and notes Walter Lowrie, New York 1 962, 1 st edn 1 939 (hereafter Lowrie), pp. 39-40.
26 S0ren Kierkegaard, Tagebilcher (Diaries), Dilsseldorf/Cologne 1 982, vol. 2, p. 84 l= 8, A 27 ( 1 847)].
27 S0ren Kierkegaard, The Instant, CW 34, p. 329.
28 Cf. S0ren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript (CW 16, p. 240: "Socrates was very careful that there should be no direct relationship between the teacher and the student." On indirect communication, see Wahl, Eludes Kierkagaardiennes, pp. 28 1-8, 584 (on Nietzsche's theory of the mask).
29 Friedrich Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragments, June-July 1 885, 37 (7), vol. 1 1 , p. 580 Colli/Montinari = WP 980 (1 885), p. 5 1 2.
30 Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good 'and Evil, §40, vol. 5, p. 58 Colli/Montinari =
trans. with commentary Walter Kaufmann, New York 1966 (hereafter Kaufmann), p. 5 1 .
3 1 Nietzsche, Posthumous Fragme11ts, April-June 1 885, 34 (66), vol. 1 1 , p . 440
Colli/Montinari.
32 Nietzsche, The Dawn, 4, §42 1 , vol. 3, p. 257 Colli/Montinari.
33 Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, §3, vol. 6, pp. 319-21 Colli/Montinari = pp. 280--2
Kaufmann and Hollingdale.
34 E. Bertram, Nietzsche. Versuch einer Mythologie, Berlin 1918, repr. Bonn, 8th edn 1965, p. 1 82. Bertram's entire chapter on Nietzsche and the Mask is essential reading.
35 Nietzsche, Postlmt11<111s Fragments, 6 (3), Summer 1 875, vol. !!, p. 97 Colli/Montinari .
36 Pinto, Repuli/ir, 337n; .\)1mp11si11111, 2 1 <1c 5; Ap11lr111.y, .1H11 I .
The Figure of Socrates
173
37 Aristotle, Nicot11achean Ethics, l 108a 22; l 1 27a 22.
38 Theophrastus, Characters, § 1 .
3 9 Cf. H . Lausberg, Handbuck der literarischen Rketorik, Munich 1 960, §§582; 902, with abundant references. One of the finest examples of the rhetorical use of irony is the praise of slavery in Montesquieu's L 'Esprit des Lois, 1 5, 5 .
40 Cicero, Lucullus, 1 5; Brutus, 292-300.
41 Plato, Symposium, 221e.
42 Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, §1 75, vol. 2, p. 627 Colli/Montinari = (Texts in German Philosophy), trans. R.J. Hollingdale, Cambridge 1 986 (hereafter Hollingdale), p. 352.
43 Epictetus, Manual, §46. Cf. F. Schweingruber, "Sokrates und Epiktet," Hermes 78 ( 1943), pp. 52-79.
44 Plato, Republic, 337a. Cf. Gorgias, 489e; Tkeaetetus, 1 50c.
45 Aristotle, On Sophistical Refutations, 1 83b8.
46 G.W.F. Hegel, Vorlesunge11 iiber die Gesckickte tier Philosophie, vol. 2, p. 65 =
Hegel's Lectures 3 vols, London 1 892, rcpr. London 1 955 (hereafter Haldane), vol.
I , p. 203. The pages Hegel devoted to Socrates in this work are of great profundity, permeated as they are by the great problem of romantic irony.
47 Cf. P. Moraux, "La joute dialectique d'apres le huitieme livre des Topiques," in G.E.L. Owends, ed., Aristotle on Dialectic (= Proceedings of the Third Symposium Aristotelicum), Oxford 1968. On the philosophical significance of such dialectical jousts, cf. E. Weil, "La place de la logique dans la pensee aristotelicienne," Revue de la Metaphysique et de Morale 56 ( 1 95 1 ), pp. 283-3 1 5 .
48 0. Apelt, Platonische Aufiatze, Berlin 1 9 1 2, pp. 96-1 08. On Socratic irony, the reader may consult the important work of M. Landmann, Elenktik und Maieutuk, Bonn 1950, and the excellent article by Rene Schaerer, "Le mecanisme de l'ironie dans ses rapports avec la dialectique," Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale 49
( 1 94 1 ), pp. 1 8 1 ff. On irony in general, see Vladimir Jankelevitch, L 'lroni'e, Paris 1 964.
49 ["Splitting" and "doubling" - Trans.]
50 The logos common to Socrates and to his interlocutors is personified in Plato, Protagoras, 361 a.
5 1 Plato, Theaetetus, 149aff.
52 Kierkegaard, Point of View, §2, GW 33, II, 1 , A, p. 40 = pp. 29-30 Lowrie.
53 Soren Kierkegaard, Philosophical Fragt11ents, GW 10, pp. 58, 2 1 .
54 Plato, Apology, 2 1 d 5 .
55 Plato, Symposi11m, 1 75d.
56 Xenophon, Memorabilia, 4, 4, 1 0.
57 Plato, Lackes, 1 87e.
58 Plato, Apology, 36b.
59 Plato, Alcibiades, 1 20d4; Apology, 36c.
60 Nietzsche, Untit11e(y Meditations, 3, 4, vol. I , p. 374 Colli/Montinari. = trans. R.J.
Hollingdale, intro. J.P. Stern, Cambridge 1 983, repr. 1990 (hereafter Hollingdale and Stern), pp. I 5�5.
61 Ibid, p . •
l73 Colli/Montinari = p. 1 54 Hollingdale and Stem.
<12 I bill, 3, 5, p. 371J Colli/ Monrinari = p. 1 58 Hollingdalc and Stern.
1 74
Figures
63 Plato, Symposium, 2 1 6a.
64 Hegel insists strongly on this point; cf. History of Philosophy, 1 , 28, 36, = vol. 1 , p . 442 Haldane: "no people, and least o f all a free people like the Athenians, has by this freedom to recognize a tribunal of conscience."