Marion Kaplan, The Portuguese: The Land and Its People, new rev. ed. (1998), is a popular general work with illuminating glimpses of Portugal’s long history. Still useful but dated is John Eppstein, Portugaclass="underline" The Country and Its People (1967). A classic discussion useful for students of anthropology, social history, and demography on villages in northwest Portugal is Caroline B. Brettell, Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish (1986). Economy
William Chislett, Portugaclass="underline" Investment and Growth (1997), provides an overview of major changes and Portugal’s expanding economy. Rodney J. Morrison, Portugaclass="underline" Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy (1981), assesses the impact of the April 25, 1974, revolution on the economy. Eric N. Baklanoff, The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal (1978), compares Spain’s and Portugal’s economic growth in response to the economic policies of Franco and Salazar. Jorge Braga de Macedo and Simon Serfaty (eds.), Portugal Since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives (1981), analyzes the political economy of the early postrevolutionary period. David Corkill, The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Europeanization (1999), charts Portugal’s development within mainstream Europe. Thomas C. Bruneau, Politics and Nationhood: Post-Revolutionary Portugal (1984), is an excellent treatment of the politics of the revolutionary period. Douglas Porch, The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution (1977), is a helpful discussion of the role of the armed forces in the revolution of 1974. Tom Gallagher, Portugaclass="underline" A Twentieth-Century Interpretation (1983); and Howard J. Wiarda, Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience (1977), analyze Salazar’s dictatorship. Government and society
The contemporary governmental system and political dynamics are covered in Thomas C. Bruneau and Alex Macleod, Politics in Contemporary Portugaclass="underline" Parties and the Consolidation of Democracy (1986). Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugaclass="underline" The Revolution and Its Antecedents (1979), provides chapters on the prerevolutionary corporatist system. Kenneth Maxwell (ed.), Portugal in the 1980’s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation (1986), covers shifting international involvements, economy, society, and state through the 1980s. Catherine Delano Smith Walter C. Opello Marion Kaplan History General works
General reference works on Portugal with an emphasis on its history include Douglas L.Wheeler, Historical Dictionary of Portugal, 2nd ed. (2002); António Barreto and Maria Filomena Monica (eds.), Suplemento: dicionário de história de Portugal, 3 vol. (1999–2000); and Iêda Wiarda (ed.), The Handbook of Portuguese Studies (1999).
General historical works include José Mattoso (ed.), História de Portugal, 8 vol. (1993– ). Still useful are H.V. Livermore, Portugaclass="underline" A Short History, 2nd ed. (1976), and A New History of Portugal, 2nd ed. (1976); Stanley G. Payne, History of Spain and Portugal, 2 vol. (1972); and A.H. de Oliveira Marques, History of Portugal, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (1976). Special topics
More-specialized studies include A.H. de Oliveira Marques, Daily Life in Portugal in the Late Middle Ages (1971); and Carl Hanson, Atlantic Emporium: Portugal and the Wider World, 1147–1497 (2001). General works in English on Portugal’s overseas empire after 1415 are few, but the best among them include C.R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, 2nd ed. (1991); Bailey W. Diffie and George D. Winius, The Foundations of the Portuguese Empire (1977); A.J.R. Russell-Wood, The Portuguese Empire, 1415–1808: A World on the Move (1992, reprinted 1998); James Duffy, Portuguese Africa (1959); and Douglas L. Wheeler and René Pélissier, Angola (1971, reprinted 1978). There are also some classic studies of a more specialized nature on overseas Portugal, such as Timothy J. Coates, Convicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonizers in the Portuguese Empire, 1550–1755 (2001); Glenn Joseph Ames, Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader (2005); Malyn Newitt, A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668 (2005); and Peter Russell, Prince Henry “The Navigator”: A Life (2000). Combining a portrait of contemporary Portugal with insights into history is Paul Hyland, Backwards out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal (1996). Modern Portugal
Discussions of the modern era of Portuguese history include Kenneth Maxwell, Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment (1995); José Cutileiro, A Portuguese Rural Society (1971); Maria Filomena Mónica, Eça de Queiroz, trans. by Alison Aiken (2005); Douglas L. Wheeler, Republican Portugaclass="underline" A Political History, 1910–1926 (1978); Richard A.H. Robinson, Portugaclass="underline" A Contemporary History (1979); Hugh Kay, Salazar and Modern Portugal (1970); and John Sykes, Portugal and Africa: The People and the War (1971).
The origins, course, and aftermath of the 1974 revolution are explored in Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler (eds.), Contemporary Portugaclass="underline" The Revolution and Its Antecedents (1979); Lawrence S. Graham and Douglas L. Wheeler (eds.), In Search of Modern Portugaclass="underline" The Revolution and Its Consequences (1983); Kenneth Maxwell, The Making of Portuguese Democracy (1995); Norrie MacQueen, The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire (1997); Mário Soares, Portugal’s Struggle for Liberty (1975); Nancy Gina Bermeo, The Revolution Within the Revolution: Workers’ Control in Rural Portugal (1986); Phil Mailer, Portugal, the Impossible Revolution? (1977); and António Costa Pinto (ed.), Modern Portugal (1998), and Contemporary Portugaclass="underline" Politics, Society, and Culture (2003). Douglas Lanphier Wheeler