13 Longcore J.E., Pessier A.P., Nichols D.K. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Gen. et sp. nov., a Chytrid Pathogenic to Amphibians // Mycologia 91. 1999. № 2.Р. 219–227.
14 Grogan et al. Review of the Amphibian Immune Response.
15 Greshko M. Ground Zero of Amphibian ‘Apocalypse’ Finally Found // National Geographic, May 10. 2018.
16 Scheele B.C. et al. Amphibian Fungal Panzootic Causes Catastrophic and Ongoing Loss of Biodiversity // Science 363. March 29, 2019. № 6434. Р. 1459–1463.
17 Yong E. How a Frog Became the First Mainstream Pregnancy Test // Atlantic, May 4, 2017; Kean S. The Birds, the Bees and the Froggies // Distillations, August 22, 2017. https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/the-birds-the-bees-and-the-froggies.
18 Возникли некоторые разногласия по поводу того, кто и когда это сделал. Hogben L. Xenopus Test for Pregnancy // British Medical Journal 2. July 1, 1939. № 4095. Р. 38–39.
19 Sittert L. van, Measey G.J. Historical Perspectives on Global Exports and Research of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus laevis) // Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 71. May 3, 2016. № 2.Р. 157–66.
20 Sittert van, Measey. Historical Perspectives; Hey D. A Report on the Culture of South African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis (Daudin) at the Jonkershoek Inland Fish Hatchery // Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 32. January 1, 1949. № 1.Р. 45–54.
21 US Fish and Wildlife Service. African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) Ecological Risk Screening Summary. September 15, 2017. https://www.fws.gov/media/ecological-risk-screening-summary-african-clawed-frog-xenopus-laevis-high-risk; Measey G.J. et al. Ongoing Invasions of the African Clawed Frog, Xenopus laevis: A Global Review // Biological Invasions 14. 2012. № 11. Р. 2255–2270.
22 Вэнс Вреденбург, интервью автору, 20 августа 2020 года.
23 Вреденбург, интервью.
24 Vredenburg V.T. et al. Prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Xenopus Collected in Africa (1871–2000) and in California (2001–2010) // PLoS One 8. May 15, 2013. № 5.Р. 63 791.
25 Вреденбург, интервью.
26 O’Hanlon S.J. et al. Recent Asian Origin of Chytrid Fungi Causing Global Amphibian Declines // Science 360. May 11, 2018. № 6389. Р. 621–627.
27 Farrer R.A. et al. Multiple Emergences of Genetically Diverse Amphibian-Infecting Chytrids Include a Globalized Hypervirulent Recombinant Lineage // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108. November 15, 2011. № 46. Р. 18 732–18 736; Rosenblum E.B. et al. Complex History of the Amphibian-Killing Chytrid Fungus Revealed with Genome Resequencing Data // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110. June 2013. № 23. Р. 9385–9390.
28 O’Hanlon et al. Recent Asian Origin. Р.3.
29 Jenkins P., Genovese K., Ruffler H. Broken Screens: The Regulation of Live Animal Imports in the United States. Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, 2007. https://defenders.org/publications/broken-screens-report.
30 Smith K.M. et al. Summarizing US Wildlife Trade with an Eye Toward To Assessing the Risk of Infectious Disease Introduction // EcoHealth 14. 2017. № 1.Р. 29–39.
31 Auliya M. et al. Trade in Live Reptiles, Its Impact on Wild Populations and the Role of the European Market // Biological Conservation, Part A, 204. December 1, 2016. Р. 103–119.
32 Smith et al. Summarizing US Wildlife Trade.
33 Kolby J. To Prevent the Next Pandemic, It’s the Legal Wildlife Trade We Should Worry About // National Geographic, May 7, 2020.
34 Основным источником являются выпущенные на волю домашние животные. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission // Burmese Python. https://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/profiles/reptiles/snakes/burmese-python/.
35 Gupta A. Invasion of the Lionfish // Smithsonian Magazine. May 7, 2009.
36 USGS. How Did Snakehead Fish Get into the United States? https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/how-did-snakehead-fish-get-united-states; Magellan K. Prayer Animal Release: An Understudied Pathway for Introduction of Invasive Aquatic Species // Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 22. October 2, 2019. № 4.Р. 452–461.
37 Мэтт Армс, интервью автору, 9 августа 2020 года.
38 Мэтт Армс, переписка по электронной почте, 15 ноября 2021 года.
39 Армс, интервью.
40 Мэтью Фишер, интервью автору, 24 марта 2020 года.
41 Lyons J.A., Natusch D.J. D. Wildlife Laundering through Breeding Farms: Illegal Harvest, Population Declines and a Means of Regulating the Trade of Green Pythons (Morelia viridis) from Indonesia // Biological Conservation 144. December 1, 2011. № 12. Р. 3073–3081.
42 Tow J.H., Symes W.S., Carrasco L.R. Economic Value of Illegal Wildlife Trade Entering the USA // PLoS One 16. October 2021. № 10. Bezerra-Santos M.A. et al. Legal versus Illegal Wildlife Trade: Zoonotic Disease Risks // Trends in Parasitology 37. 2021. № 5.Р. 360–361.
43 Scheele B.C. et al. Amphibian Fungal Panzootic Causes Catastrophic and Ongoing Loss of Biodiversity // Science 363. March 29, 2019. № 6434. Р. 1459–1463. Подробнее о незаконной торговле см.: Wildlife Tracking Alliance. Illegal Wildlife Trade. https://wildlifetraffickingalliance.org/illegal-wildlife-trade/.
44 Invasive Species Compendium, Rana catesbeiana (American Bullfrog). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/66618.
45 Yap T.A. et al. Averting a North American Biodiversity Crisis: A Newly Described Pathogen Poses a Major Threat to Salamanders via Trade // Science 349. 2015. № 6247. Р. 481–482; Yap et al. Introduced Bullfrog Facilitates Pathogen Invasion in the Western United States // PloS One 13. April 16, 2018. № 4.
46 Cowgill M. et al. Social Behavior, Community Composition, Pathogen Strain and Host Symbionts Influence Fungal Disease Dynamics in Salamanders // Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8. November 2021.
47 AmphibiaWeb. https://amphibiaweb.org/; Yap et al. Averting a North American Biodiversity Crisis.
48 Zipkin E.F. et al. Tropical Snake Diversity Collapses after Widespread Amphibian Loss // Science 367. 2020. № 6479. Р. 814–816.
49 Advancing Earth and Space Science (AGU), Amphibian Die-Offs Worsened Malaria Outbreaks in Central America. December 2, 2020. https://news.agu.org/press-release/amphibian-die-offs-worsened-malaria-outbreaks-in-central-america/; Springborn M.R. et al. Amphibian Collapses Exacerbated Malaria Outbreaks in Central America // MedRxiv, December 9, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.07.20245613.
Глава 3
Катастрофа
Кедрово-яблочный гниющий гриб настолько яркий и красочный, что если бы вы увидели его без ветки кедра, на которой он обычно растет, то решили бы, что это оранжевое морское существо.