b) ri- (again): zwo (to do) – rizwo (to do anew)
c) ko- (together): senti (to feel) – ko-senti (sympathize (with), feel (for))
d) be- (changes the object): dumi (to think) – bedumi koysa (ponder over something), chori (to steal) – bechori koywan (to rob somebody) Prepositions[edit]
1. The place of a preposition
1.1. After a preposition there may be:
a) a noun (or a noun group): fo (for) molya (wife) – for wife
b) a verb: fo (for) miti (to meet) – in order to meet
c) ke + phrase: fo (for) ke ("that") yu (you) samaji (to understand) – in order that you understand
1.2. If necessary, the preposition may be put after the word. In this case there has to be the particle den: den kinda (child) om (about) – about the child
2. Simple prepositions[edit]
2.1. belonging: de: kitaba (book) de boy (boy) – the book of the boy
2.2. direction: a: dai (to give) a me (I) – give me
2.3. purpose: fo: dona (gift) fo yu (you) – a gift for you
2.4. cause: por: bu (not) lai (to come) por morba (desease) – not come because of a disease
2.5. topic, object: om: dumi (to think) om molya (wife) – to think about the wife
2.6. with, without: kun, sin: promeni (to walk) kun kinda (child) – to walk with the child, chay (tea) sin sukra (sugar) – tea without sugar
2.7. doer, tooclass="underline" bay: chi (to eat) bay chiza (spoon) – to eat with a spoon, gana (song) (skriben (written)) bay Vysotski – a song by Vesotski
2.8. object of action: an: kansa (glance) an dom (house) – a glance at the house
2.9. accordance: segun: plei (to play) segun regula (rule) – to play according to the rules
2.10. means: via: en-jan (to learn) habar (news) via visin (neighbor) – to learn the news from the neighbor
2.11. change, exchange: pur: kupi (to buy) pur mani (money) – to buy with money, zwo (to do) pur amiga (friend) – to do instead of a friend
2.12. simultaneity, circumstances: al: lagi (to lie) al lekti (to read) – to lie reading, al se (this) ta (he / she) en-stan *to stand up) - at this he / she stand up
2.13. materiaclass="underline" aus: kastela (castle) aus ramla (sand) – a castle (made) out of the sand
2.14. characteristic feature: do: okula (glasses) do surya (sun) – sunglasses
2.15. relation: relatem: me (I) es (is / are/ am) neutrale (neutral) relatem sey (this) kwesta (question) – I'm neutral concerning this question
2.16. support: pro: li (they) shwo (say, talk) pro guverna (government) – they talk pro government
2.17. opposition: kontra: kontra may (my) vola (will) – against my will
3. Prepositions of correlations[edit]
3.1. replacement: inplas: onpon (to put on) jupa (skirt) inplas panta (trousers) – to put on the skirt instead of trousers
3.2. exception: exepte: oli (all, everybody) exepte me (I) – everybody except me
3.3. besides: krome: lu (he) hev (to have) mucho (many) amiga (friend) krome me (I) – he has a lot of friend besides me
3.4. concession: malgree: nu (we) promeni (to walk) malgree pluva (rain) – we walk in spite of the rain
4. Prepositions of situation[edit]
(the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)
4.1. in limits:
a) in (in): promeni (to walk) in shulin (forest) – to walk in a forest
b) inen (inside (komo)): ye (there is) koysa (something) inen boxa (box) – there is something inside the box
4.2. outside: ausen (komo): may (my) oma (grandmother) jivi (lives) ausen urba (city) – my grandmother lives outside the city
4.3. near: bli (komo): skola (school) es (is) bli dom (house) – the school is near the house
4.4. at the other side of: traen (komo): Es (is) tume (dark) traen winda (window). – It's dark outside (the window).
4.5. in relation to other things:
a) inter (between): nu (we) es (is / are) inter skay (sky) e (and) arda (earth) – we are between the sky and the earth
b) miden (among): miden amigas (friends) – among the friends
4.6. linear sequence: bifoo (before), afte (after)
- In (in) sey (this) fila (line, queue) yu (you) es (is / are) bifoo me (I) e (and) afte ela (she). – In this line you are before me and after her.
4.7. sequence in space: avanen (in front of (komo)), baken (behind (komo)): avanen kolona – in front of the column, baken dwar – behind the door
4.8. vertically:
a) on (on): Kitaba (book) es (is / are) on tabla (table). – The book is on the table.
b) sobre (above), sub (under): Papagay (parrot) flai (to fly) sobre tabla (table), kota (cat) sidi (to sit) sub lemar (wardrobe). – The parrot flies over the table, the cat sits under the wardrobe.
c) uuparen (up, at the upper part of (komo)), nichen (at the lower part of (komo)): nichen kolina (hill) — at the bottom of the hill, fon (from) uuparen — from above
4.9. horizontally:
a) flanken (at the side of (komo)): Flanken dom (house) ye (there is) garden (garden). – At the side of the house there is a garden.
b) leften (at the left (komo)), desnen (on the right (komo)): In (in) korpa (body) kordia (heart) es (is / are) leften. – In the body the heart is at the left.
4.10. around: sirkum (komo): sirkum dom (house) – around the house
4.11. opposition: kontra (komo): Teatra (theater) es (is / are) kontra sirkus (circus). – The theater is in front of the circus.
4.12. a typical place or feature: she: Me (I) es (is / are) she me (I). – I am at mine.
5. Prepositions of movement[edit]
(the mark komo means that the preposition may be used independently, as an adverb)
5.1. direction to:
a) a: Me (I) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) a dom (to the house). – I'm going (walking) to the house (home).
b) versu: Treba (it is necessary) turni (to turn) versu dom (home). – One should turn towards home.
5.2. direction from: fon: May (my) mata (mother) zai ("continuous marker") go (to go) fon dom (house) fo (for) miti (to meet) me (I). – My mother is walking from the house in order to meet me.