4. Lauren E. Glaze and Erika Parks, Correctional Population in the United States, 2011 (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, November 2012).
5. Etienne Benson, “Rehabilitate or Punish?” Psychiatric News, October 20, 2006.
6. Carol J. Williams, “Justice Kennedy Laments the State of Prisons in California, U.S,” Los Angeles Times, February 4, 2010.
7. Laura Sullivan, “Prison Economics Help Drive Ariz. Immigration Law,” Morning Edition, NPR, October 28, 2010, http://www.npr.org/2010/10/28/130833741/prison-economics-help-drive-ariz-immigration-law.
8. “Inmate Count in U.S. Dwarfs Other Nations,” New York Times, April 23, 2008.
9. Ibid.
10. Jack Leonard, “‘Pizza Thief’ Walks the Line,” Los Angeles Times, February 10, 2010.
11. “Third Defendant Is Convicted In Dragging Death in Texas,” New York Times, November 19, 1999.
12. Karl Menninger, The Crime of Punishment (New York: Viking Press, 1969).
13. “The Nation’s Toughest Drug Law: Evaluating the New York Experience,” Final Report of the Joint Committee on New York Drug Law Evaluation, March 1978, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/47795NCJRS.pdf.
14. Human Rights Watch, Incarcerated America (New York, April 2003); United States Crime Rates 1960–2009. Source: FBI, Uniform Crime Reports, http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/uscrime.htm
15. Written statement of Mary Price, Vice President and General Counsel Families Against Mandatory Minimum (FAMM), before the United States Sentencing Commission public hearing on proposed amendments 2011 regarding drugs, March 17, 2011, http://www.famm.org/Repository/Files/Written%20Statement%20of%20Mary%20Price%203-17-11%5B1%5D.pdf.
16. Paul Cassell, quoted in Erica Goode, “Life Sentence for Possession of Child Pornography Spurs Debate over Severity,” New York Times, November 4, 2011.
17. “Cost of Locking up Americans Too High: Pew Study,” Reuters, March 2, 2009.
18. Wendy Fry, “The Cost of Life In Prison,” KPBS, January 20, 2010.
19. “Cost of Locking up Americans.”
20. Ofra Bikel, “The Plea,” Frontline, PBS, June 17, 2004; and Jason Cato, “Beating a Federal Rap Not Easy,” Tribune-Review, July 31, 2006.
21. Innocence Project Website, http://www.innocenceproject.org/Content/Facts_on_PostConviction_DNA_Exonerations.php; and Jeffrey Rosen, “The Wrongful Conviction as Way of Life,” New York Times, May 26, 2011.
22. “Jury Trial Rate at All-Time Low in Va.,” Richmond Times-Dispatch, October 18, 2009.
23. Details of Haskell’s story are from the author’s interviews with him, November 20 and 21, 2010.
24. Eric Schlosser, “The Prison-Industrial Complex,” The Atlantic, December 1998.
25. Author interview with Mike Tyson.
26. Sentencing Project, Incarcerated Children and Their Parents: Trends, 1991–2007 (Washington, DC, February 2009).
2. FEAR, LOATHING, AND GUNS
1. The Pew Charitable Trusts, “One in 31 U.S. Adults are Behind Bars, on Parole or Probation,” press release, March 2, 2003, http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=49696.
2. Lauren E. Glaze, “Correctional Populations in the United States, 2009,” Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 2010, http://bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus09.pdf.
3. Adam Liptak, “Justices, 5-4, Tell California to Cut Prisoner Population,” New York Times, May 23, 2011.
4. Brevard’s papers are in the Wilson Special Collections Library at the Chapel Hill campus of the University of North Carolina.
5. Casey Mullenaux, letter to the author, July 1, 2011.
6. Economic Mobility Project and Public Safety Performance Project, Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility (Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010).
7. Alan Greenblatt, “How Much Can Potential Employers Ask About You?” NPR, May 22, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/05/21/153201730/how-much-can-potential-employers-ask-about-you.
8. The Pew Cheritable Trusts, “Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility,” Washington, DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2010, http://www.pewstates.org/uploadedFiles/PCS_Assets/2010/Collateral_Costs(1).pdf.
9. Persis S. Yu and Sharon M. Dietrich, Broken Records: How Errors by Criminal Background Checking Companies Harm Workers and Businesses (Boston: National Consumer Law Center, April 2012). Reported in several articles in 2010, including one in the New York Times.
10. Liliana Segura, “Michelle Alexander on California’s ‘Cruel and Unusual’ Prisons,” The Nation, May 26, 2011.
11. Neal Griffin, conversations and e-mail exchanges with the author from November 2011 through February 2012.
12. Casey Mullenaux, interview by the author, December 13, 2012.
13. Interview, December 14, 2012.
14. Justice Policy Institute, “FBI: Crime Fell in 2010,” fact sheet, May 2011.
15. Mark Kleiman, quoted in Mandalit Del Barco, “L.A.’s Homicide Rate Lowest in Four Decades,” Morning Edition, NPR, January 6, 2011, http://www.npr.org/2011/01/06/132677265/las-homicide-rate-lowest-in-four-decades.
16. Ibid.
17. Jessica Wolpaw Reyes, “Lead Exposure and Behavior: Effects on Antisocial and Risky Behavior among Children and Adolescents,” Draft Feb. 2012, http://www3.amherst.edu/~jwreyes/papers/LeadBehavior.pdf.
18. See Robert Perkinson, Texas Tough: The Rise of America’s Prison Empire (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2010).
19. Kent Scheidegger and Michael Rushford, “The Social Benefits of Confining Habitual Criminals,” Stanford Law and Policy Review 11 (Winter 1999): 59.
20. See Bert Useem and Anne Morrison Piehl, Prison State: The Challenge of Mass Incarceration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008); and John Donohue, “Assessing the Relative Benefits of Incarceration: The Overall Change over the Previous Decades and the Benefits on the Margin,” Selected Works of Jon Donohue, 2009, http://works.bepress.com/john_donohue/65/.
21. Adam Liptak, “U.S. Prison Population Dwarfs that of Other Nations, New York Times, April 23, 2008. Michael Tonry, professor at the University of Minnesota Law School, has authored many books on criminal justice, including Punishing Race: A Continuing American Dilemma (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).