21. Stavka’s directive No. 220218, dated September 17, 1944. Document No. 24 in Russkii Arkhiv. Velikaya Otechestvennaya 14, no. 3 (2), 107–8 (in Russian).
22. Interrogation of Max Braun, dated September 10, 1947. Page 220 in Document No. 43 in Generaly i ofitsery Vermakhta rasskazyvayut.
23. Marie Vassilchikov, Berlin Diaries, 1941–1945 (New York: Vintage Books, 1988), 25–27, 46, 54, 82–88, 95, 150, and Giles MacDonogh, A Good German: Adam von Trott zu Solz (Woodstock, NY: The Overlook Press, 1992), 26, 97, 127, 164, 168, 170, 182, 215, 283.
24. Kurt Welkisch and his wife Margarita (alias LZL) belonged to the Alta group that also included Ilse Stebe, Gerhard Kegel, and Rudolf von Scheliha (alias Ariets). Details in Vladimir Lota, ‘Alta’ protiv ‘Barbarossa’ (Moscow: Molodaya gvardiya, 2004) (in Russian).
25. In 2001, recollections of Gerhard Stelzer translated into Romanian were published: Rolf Pusch and Gerhard Steltzer, Diplomati Germani la Bucuresti, 1937–1944 (Bucharest: Editura All Educational, 2001).
26. Shtemenko, General’nyi shtab, 359.
27. Report of Malinovsky and Susaikov, dated September 2, 1944, Document No. 29 in Russkii arkhiv. Velikaya Otechestvennaya. Krasnaya Armiya v stranah tsentral’noi, severnoi Evropy i na Balkanakh’ 1944–1945. Dokumenty i materialy, T. 14 (3–2) (Moscow: Terra, 2000), 38–39 (in Russian).
28. Boris Syromyatnikov, ‘Sorok shest’ chasov s rumynskim diktatorom,’ Voenno-promyshlennyi kur’er, No. 40 (October 17–23, 2007) (in Russian). Also, a photo of the first page of Abakumov’s report No. 753/A to Beria, dated June 1945, in SMERSH. Istoricheskie ocherki, 90.
29. Transcripts of interrogations in the Romanian File, RG–05.025, US Holocaust Memorial Museum (a photocopy of the File H–19767, three volumes, kept in the FSB Central Archive in Moscow).
30. Page 146 in ibid.
31. Details in Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944 (Chicago, IL: Ivan R. Dee, 2000).
32. Page 526 in the File H–19767 and Hugh Seton-Watson, The East European Revolution (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1951), 205.
33. ‘Razboiul anti-URSS a fost legitim,’ Ziua, 20 February 2007 (in Romanian).
34. During WWI, Baron Sergei N. Delvig (1866–1944?) commanded an artillery unit. From 1917–20, he served in the Ukrainian Army. In 1920, Delvig emigrated to Romania.
35. Abakumov’s report to Beria No. 606/A, dated November 22, 1944. A photo of the report in SMERSH. Istoricheskie ocherki, 142.
36. Cited in Dmitri Volkogonov, Triumf i tragedia. Politicheskii portret I. V. Stalina. Kniga 2 (Moscow: Agenstvo pechati Novosti, 1989), 24 (in Russian). This cable was not included in the English version of Volkogonov’s book.
37. Unto Parvilahti, Beria’s Gardens: Ten Years’ Captivity in Russia and Siberia, translated from the Finnish by Alan Blair (London: Hutchinson & Co., 1959), 54.
38. Shtemenko, General’nyi shtab, 360.
39. The awarded Soviet military leaders: I. S. Stalin (twice), A. M. Vasilevsky (twice), G. K. Zhukov (twice), A. I. Antonov, L. A. Govorov, I. S. Konev, R. Ya. Malinovsky, K. A. Meretskov, K. K. Rokossovsky, S. K. Timoshenko, and F. I. Tolbukhin. Additionally, on February 20, 1978, Leonid Brezhnev received this award; however, on September 21, 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev abolished the decision to award Brezhnev.
40. The awarded foreigners: US Army General Dwight D. Eisenhower (June 5, 1945), British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery (June 5, 1945), King Mihai I (July 6, 1945), Polish Marshal Mihał Rola-Żymierski (August 9, 1945), and Yugoslavian Marshal Josip Broz Tito (September 9, 1945).
41. Cited in Craig S. Smith. ‘Romania’s King Without a Throne Outlives Foes and Setbacks,’ The New York Times, January 27, 2007.
42. Robert Lee Wolff, The Balkans in Our Time (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 242–8.
43. Michael Bar-Zohar, Beyond Hitler’s Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria’s Jews (Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Company, 1998), 46–48.
44. Vojtech Mastny, Russia’s Road to the Cold War: Diplomacy, Warfare, and the Politics of Communism, 1941–1945 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 202–3.
45. Details in Yelena Valeva, ‘Politicheskie protsessy v Bolgarii, 1944–1948 gg.,’ ‘Karta,’ no. 36-37 (2003), 48-59 (in Russian), http://www.hro.org/node/10845, retrieved September 8, 2011.
46. In September 1944, the Communist authorities liquidated about 18,000 arrestees without trial. Vostochnaya Evropa v dokumentakh rossiiskikh arkhivov, 1944–1953 gg. Tom 1. 1944–1948 gg., edited by T. V. Volokitina et al., 150–1 (Moscow: Sibirskii khronograf, 1997) (in Russian).
47. Document Nos. 28 and 30, in Vostochnaya Evropa, 101, 104–5.
48. Bogdana Lazorova, ‘Cherveniyat teror 1944–1949 g.,’ DARIK News, May 6, 2006 (in Bulgarian), http://www.dariknews.bg/view_article.php?article_id=63793, retrieved September 8, 2011. Overall, from December 20, 1944 until the end of April 1945, the Bulgarian people’s courts tried 11,122 political defendants, and of these, 2,730 were sentenced to death, 1,305 were convicted to life imprisonment, and the rest, to various terms of imprisonment.
49. Nadezhda and Maiya Ulanovskie, Istoriya sem’i (New York: Chalidze Publications, 1982), 212 (in Russian).
50. Report by Claudio de Mohr, former Italian Cultural Counselor, in Agne Hamrin, ‘Ånnu en Moskgafänge vittnar om Wallenberg: Svenskarna kränktes om skyddsuppdrag,’ Dagens Nyheter, September 1, 1953. Also, a statement by Adolf Heinz Beckerle, former German Minister to Sofia, to the Swedish authorities, dated April 15, 1957. I am grateful to Susanne Berger for these references.
51. Shtemenko, General’nyi shtab, 375–6.
52. The Secret War Report of the OSS, edited by Anthony Cave Brown, 290–1 (New York: Berkley Publishing Corporation, 1976) 1.
53. Vladimir Antonov, ‘Syn protiv otsa,’ Nezavisimoe voennoe obozrenie, September 16, 2005 (in Russian), http://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2005-09-16/7_syn.html, retrieved September 8, 2011.
54. V. G. Chicheryukin-Meingardt, Drozdovtsy posle Gallipoli (Moscow: Reittar, 2002), 66–79 (in Russian).
55. A. V. Okorokov, Russkaya emigratsiya. Politicheskie, voenno-politicheskie i voinskie organizatsii, 1920–1990 gg. (Moscow: Azuar Consulting, 2003), 81–82 (in Russian).
56. Vadim Abramov, SMERSH. Sovetskaya voennaya razvedka protiv razvedki Tret’ego Reikha (Moscow: Yauza-Eksmo, 2005), 213 (in Russian).
57. Details in Stanislav J. Kirschbaum, History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 205–25.