8. Edward Boorstein, Allende’s Chile (New York: International Publishers, 1977).
9. Edward Hallett Carr, What Is History? (New York: Vintage Books, 1967), 125-127.
10. Eric Hobsbawm, On History (New York: The New Press, 1997), 243-249.
11. Omar Noman, ed. Poverty in Transition (New York: United Nations Development Program, 1998), 6.
12. Stephen Cohen, Failed Crusade (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2000), 40-42.
13. Marx and Engels, 485, 542.
Notes for Chapter 2
14. Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1988), 80.
15. Albert Resis, ed., Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), 360.
16. Resis, 408.
17. “Socialism in the Soviet Union: Lesson and Perspectives, From the Program of the Fourth Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation 20 April 1997,” Nature, Society, and Thought (May 2, 2000), 421.
18. Lenin Collected Works, ed. Yuri Sdobnikov, vol. 32 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), 165-240.
19. Lenin Collected Works, vol. 33, 63.
20. Lenin Collected Works, vol. 32, 218.
21. Vladimir I. Lenin: A Political Biography (New York: International Publishers, 1943), 242-259.
22. Barrington Moore, Jr., Soviet Politics—The Dilemma of Power (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1951), 98-102.
23. Moore, 102-108.
24. Anatoly Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 138-139.
25. Kenneth Cameron, Stalin: Man of Contradiction (Toronto: New Canada Publications, 1987), 30.
26. Moore, 108-113.
27. E. H. Carr, Studies in Revolution (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), 214-215.
28. Joseph Stalin, “The Right Deviation in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union,” in Joseph Stalin, Leninism: Selected Writings (New York: International Publishers, 1942), 98-101.
29. George Katkov, The Trial of Bukharin (New York: Stein and Day, 1969), 55-60.
30. V. Y. Zevin, “Lenin on the National and Colonial Questions,” in Lenin the Great Theoretician (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1970), 307-308.
31. V. Zotov, Lenin’s Doctrine of National Liberation Revolutions and the Modern World (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983), 15, 21.
32. Joseph Stalin, Marxism and the National and Colonial Question (New York: International Publishers, 1934).
33. Albert Nenarokov and Alexander Proskurin, How the Soviet Union Solved the Nationalities Question (Moscow: Novosti Press, 1983), 11.
34. Stephen Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution (New York: Knopf, 1973), 35-38.
35. Stalin, 185, 177, 168-170.
36. Yitzhak M. Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953-1991 (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1998), 42.
37. Bahman Azad, Heroic Struggle Bitter Defeat (New York: International Publishers, 2000), 92-95.
38. Leonard Shapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York: Vintage Books, 1971), 515.
39. Werner G. Hahn, Postwar Soviet Politics: The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation, 1946-1953 (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1982), 12-13, 19-27.
40. Hahn, 32-33, 45-57, 182-184.
41. William Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2003), 250-255.
42. Roy A. Medvedev and Zhores Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 67-71.
43. Medvedev and Medvedev, 71.
44. Taubman, 324.
45. Carl Linden, Khrushchev and the Soviet Leadership (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 224.
46. Hahn, 47.
47. Roy Medvedev, Khrushchev (London and New York: Blackwell and Doubleday, 1982), 32.
48. Medvedev and Medvedev, 35, 58-60.
49. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Economic Development Since 1917 (New York: New World Paperbacks, 1965), 317, 332.
50. Joseph Stalin, Economic Problems of the U.S.S.R. (New York: International Publishers, 1952), 21-22.
51. Hans Heinz Holz, “The Downfall and Future of Socialism,” Nature, Society, and Thought, 5, no. 3 (1992), passim.
52. Holz, 105.
53. Holz, 105.
54. Resis, 391.
55. Giuseppe Boffa, Inside the Khrushchev Era (New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1959), 108.
56. Boffa, 110.
57. Medvedev and Medvedev, 75.
58. Alexei Adzhubei quoted by Linden, 225.
59. Roger Pethybridge, A Key to Soviet Politics: The Crisis of the ‘Anti-Party’ Group (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1962), 93-98.
60. Resis, 345-347; Molotov and Malenkov quoted by Pethybridge, 98-99.
61. Pethybridge, 95, 103-109; Shapiro, 569.
62. Taubman, xix.
63. Cameron, 130.
64. Michael Parenti, Blackshirts & Reds (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1997), 76-80.
65. “Secret Speech of Khrushchev Concerning the ‘Cult of the Individual,’” in The Anti-Stalin Campaign and International Communism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956), 2-89; Cameron, 121-137, 170.
66. Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin (New York, Pantheon, 1993), 284.
67. Cameron, 123.
68. Gerald Meyer, “The Virgin Lands Project, 1953-1963: Khrushchev’s Panacea for the Soviet Union’s Agricultural Crisis,” (M.A. thesis, City College of the City University of New York, 1969).
69. Meyer, 35-37.
70. Stalin, 16-17.
71. Medvedev and Medvedev, 85-88.
72. Dobb, 372-377.
73. Alex Nove, An Economic History of the USSR (New York: Viking Penguin, 1984), 358.
74. Medvedev and Medvedev, 106-107.
75. Dobb, 321, 324.
76. Dobb, 329-330.
77. J. P. Nettl, The Soviet Achievement (Norwich, England: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967), 236.
78. Brudny, 42-43.
79. Medvedev and Medvedev, 73, 148.
80. Medvedev and Medvedev, 43.
81. A Proposal Concerning the General Line of the International Communist Movement (Peking: Foreign Language Press, 1963), 5-36.
82. Joseph Stalin, For Peaceful Coexistence: Postwar Interviews (New York: International Publishers, 1951).
83. In contrast, the Chinese, who were the most vigorous critics of Soviet foreign policy for not being sufficiently anti-imperialist stood silently on the sidelines during this confrontation and afterwards spoke up only to criticize the Soviets. O.B. Borisov and B. T. Koloskov, Sino-Soviet Relations (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), 173.
84. Taubman, 336-337, 450-451, 609-610; Kirby quoted by Taubman, 337.
85. Shapiro, 575.
86. Linden, 224.
87. Azad, 128-131.
88. George Breslauer, “Khrushchev Reconsidered,” in Stephen F. Cohen et al., eds., The Soviet Union Since Stalin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980), 56, 59.
89. Medvedev and Medvedev, 151, 153.
90. John Gooding, Socialism in Russia: Lenin and his Legacy, 1890-1991 (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 187-209.
91. Dmitri Volkogonov, Autopsy for an Empire (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Singapore: The Free Press, 1998), 262, 264, 302, 320, 324; Peter Kenez, A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 215, 217; Roy Medvedev, “Brezhnev: a Political Sketch-Portrait,” in Leonid Brezhnev: The Period of Stagnation (Moscow: Novosti Press, 1989), 6, 9.
92. Pravda quoted by Breslauer, 64.
93. Fedor Burlatsky, “Brezhnev and the End of the Thaw,” in Leonid Brezhnev: The Period of Stagnation, 38.
94. Stephen F. Cohen and Katrina vanden Heuvel, Voices of Glasnost (New York: W. W. Norton, 1989), 20.
95. Victor and Ellen Perlo, Dynamic Stability: The Soviet Economy Today (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980), 331.
96. Abel Aganbegyan, The Economic Challenge of Perestroika (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988), 45, 52-53, 90.
97. Victor and Ellen Perlo, 275.
98. Victor Perlo, Super Profits and Crises: Modern U.S. Capitalism (New York: International Publishers, 1988), 491.