99. Aganbegyan, The Economic Challenge of Perestroika, 3, 23, 67, 71.
100. Leonid Brezhnev, We Are Optimists: Report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union to the 26th Congress of the CPSU (New York: International Publishers, 1981), 57.
101. Ligachev, 211-212, 219.
102. Brudny, 15-17.
103. Victor and Ellen Perlo, 284.
104. Moshe Lewin, Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1975), xiii.
105. Anders Aslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989), ix, 4.
106. Perlo, 260-280.
107. Perlo, 260-280.
108. Perlo, 282, 284.
109. Zhores Medvedev, Andropov (New York and London: W. W. Norton, 1983), 17-54; Martin Ebon, The Andropov File (New York et al.: McGraw-Hill, 1983), 272-273.
110. Ebon, 17-22, 70-71, 86-92, 109.
111. Ebon, 64-74; Zhores Medvedev, 32-40; Herbert Aptheker, The Truth About Hungary (New York: Mainstream Publishers, 1957), 184-246.
112. Ebon, 64-74; Zhores Medvedev, 32-40.
113. Ebon, 70-71, 32, 24, 104; Zhores Medvedev, 32-40, 64-65.
114. Ebon, 22, 24, 27, 29, 65.
115. Quoted by Zhores Medvedev, 87.
116. Ligachev, 27.
117. Zhores Medvedev, 146; Ebon, 119.
118. Yuri Andropov, “The Better We Work, the Better We Will Live” (November 22, 1982) in Ebon, 239-249; Y. V. Andropov, Sixtieth Anniversary of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, (December 21, 1982), (Moscow: Novosti, 1983); Yuri Andropov, Analysis of the Existing Situation and Landmarks for the Future, (June 15, 1983), (Moscow: Novosti, 1983); Yuri Andropov, “Karl Marx’s Teaching and Some of the Problems in the Building of Socialism in the USSR,” (1983) in A Reader on Social Sciences (Moscow: Progress, 1985), 395-419.
119. Martin Ebon, The Andropov File: The Life and Ideas of Yuri Andropov General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR (New York, St. Louis, San Francisco, Toronto and Mexico: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1983), 239-249.
120. Andropov, Analysis, 12.
121. Andropov, Analysis, 17.
122. Andropov in Ebon, 241.
123. Andropov in Ebon, 241.
124. Andropov in Ebon, 241.
125. Ebon, 136-137.
126. Zhores Medvedev, 134.
127. Medvedev, 131-133.
128. Andropov, “Karl Marx’s Teaching,” 407.
129. Ebon, 186.
130. Ebon, 173, 174, 193, 205, 208.
131. Andropov in Ebon, 246.
132. Ebon, 238.
133. Andrei Gromyko, Memoirs (New York, et al.: Doubleday, 1989), 247.
134. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995), 444.
135. Jonathan Harris, The Public Politics of Aleksandr Nikolaevich Yakovlev, 1983-1989, The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, No. 901 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Center for Russian and East European Studies, 1990), 12.
136. Andropov quoted by Dobrynin, 512.
137. Ebon, 234.
138. Dobrynin, 478.
139. Ligachev, 148.
140. Ebon, 118.
141. Andropov, Analysis, 18.
142. Ligachev, 28.
143. Andropov, Analysis.
144. Ebon, 26.
145. Ebon, 152, 201, 166, 168, 199.
146. Ebon, 192, 203, 219, 230.
147. Andropov, “Karl Marx’s Teaching,” 400-401.
148. Andropov, Sixtieth Anniversary, 11-21.
149. Andropov, Sixtieth Anniversary, 18.
150. Andropov, Sixtieth Anniversary, 18-19.
151. Volkogonov, 332, 370, 387.
Notes for Chapter 3
152. Gregory Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty: Historical Role of the Soviet Underground,” in Stephen S. Cohen, et al., eds. The Tunnel at the End of the Light (Berkeley: University of California, 1988), 24-25.
153. Vladimir G. Treml and Michael Alexeev, “The Growth of the Second Economy in the Soviet Union and Its Impact on the System,” in Robert W. Campbell, ed., The Postcommunist Economic Transformation (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1994), 222.
154. Quoted by Treml and Alexeev, 238.
155. Moshe Lewin, Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates, from Bukharin to the Modern Reformers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 254.
156. Gregory Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” Problems of Communism (September-October, 1977), 25.
157. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Economic Development Since 1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1966).
158. According to Anders Aslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989), 5, by the 1960s three of the four leading academic economic institutions were dominated by economists who favored “money commodity relations” or simply “market relations.” Koriagina, who was the leading Soviet expert on the second economy, belonged to the Economic Research Institute, which until 1986 was headed by the anti-market economist, Tigran Khachaturov. Gregory Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty: Historic Role of The Soviet Underground,” in Stephen S. Cohen et al., eds., The Tunnel at the End of the Light (Berkeley: University of California, 1998), 36.
159. G. A. Kozlov, ed., Political Economy: Socialism (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977); L. Leontyev, Political Economy: A Condensed Course (New York: International, 1974); P. I. Nikitin, The Fundamentals of Political Economy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983); G. S. Sarkisyants, ed., Soviet Economy: Results and Prospects (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1977); and Yuri Popov, Essays in Political Economy (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1985).
160. Joseph Stalin, “Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR,” in Bruce Franklin, The Essential Stalin (New York: Anchor Books, 1972), 445-481.
161. Victor Perlo, How the Soviet Economy Works (New York: International, 1961), 34.
162. Victor and Ellen Perlo, Dynamic Stability: The Soviet Economy Today (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1980).
163. “List of Berkeley-Duke Occasional Papers in the Second Economy in the USSR with Abstracts and Notes,” http://econ.duke.edu/Papers/Treml.BDOP.html (date accessed August 6, 2010)..
164. Gregory Grossman, “The Second Economy in the USSR and Eastern Europe: A Bibliography,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Papers on the Second Economy of the USSR, July 1990).
165. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” 25-27.
166. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” 26-27.
167. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” 35.
168. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” 29-30.
169. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” 30.
170. Grossman, “The ‘Second Economy’ of the USSR,” 31.
171. Konstantin Simis, USSR: The Corrupt Society: The Secret World of Soviet Capitalism (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 145-147.
172. Vladimir G. Treml, “Purchase of Food from Private Sources in Soviet Urban Areas,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, September 1985).
173. Gregory Grossman, “A Tonsorial View of the Soviet Second Economy,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, December 1985).
174. Vladimir G. Treml, “Alcohol in the Soviet Underground Economy,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, December 1985).
175. Michael V. Alexeev, “The Underground Market for Gasoline in the USSR,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, (April 1987).
176. Michael V. Alexeev, “Expenditures on Privately Rented Housing and Imputed Rents in the USSR,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, November 1991).
177. Kimberly C. Neuhauser, “The Second Economy in Funeral Services,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, February 1992).
178. Clifford G. Gaddy, “The Size of the Prostitution Market in the USSR,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper,” November 1989) and Kimberly C. Neuhauser, “The Market for Illegal Drugs in the Soviet Union in the Late 1980s,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Paper, November 1990).
179. Marina Kurkchiyan, “The Transformation of the Second Economy in the Informal Economy,” in Alena V. Ledeneva and Marina Kurkchiyan, eds., Economic Crime in Russia (The Hague, London, and Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000), 86-87.