180. Treml and Alexeev, 221,235.
181. Byung-Yeon Kim, “Informal Economy Activities of Soviet Households: Size and Dynamics,” (PERSA Working Paper No. 26, University of Warwick, 29 January 2003), 9.
182. Tatiana Koriagina, “The Shadow Economy of the USSR,” Izd-vo Pravda 3 (1990): 113 [in Russian].
183. Gregory Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty: Historic Role of the Soviet Underground,” in Stephen S. Cohen et al., The Tunnel at the End of the Light (Berkeley: University of California, 1998), 36.
184. Treml and Alexeev, 224-225, 239.
185. Gregory Grossman, “Sub-Rosa Privatization and Marketization in the USSR,” Annals, ASPSS (January, 1990), 49.
186. Gregory Grossman, “Sub-Rosa Privatization,” 49.
187. Byung-Yeon Kim, 6, 9.
188. Estimates developed by Gregory Grossman, in “The Second Economy: Boon or Bane for the Reform of the First Economy?” in Economic Reforms in the Socialist World, Stanislaw Gomulka et al., eds., (London: Macmillan, 1989), 94. According to Grossman, “Some idea of the magnitude of informal (or private) incomes in the USSR can be grasped from the findings of questionnaire survey of 1000 recent Soviet émigrés in the United States, conducted by Professor V. G. Treml and the present author [Gregory Grossman]. The data center on 1977 and refer only to urban areas. The figures presented refer only to families in which both husband and wife were present and at least one of them was officially employed at the time.” In Grossman’s view the second economy continued to grow after the late 1970s. The table suggests that by the late Brezhnev era, the second economy was roughly about 30 percent of the largest republic, Russia, and about 40 percent of the other major Slavic republics, Ukraine and Belorussia. In other parts of the USSR for which data were available to him, the second economy was even larger, perhaps even equaling or outweighing the ‘first’ — the planned, state-owned — economy.
189. Simis, 153; Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty,” 39-40.
190. Kim, 12, 23.
191. Brezhnev quoted by David Pryce-Jones, The Strange Death of the Soviet Empire (New York: Henry Holt, 1995), 53.
192. Gregory Grossman, “Inflationary, Political, and Social Implications of the Current Economic Slowdown,” in Hans-Hermann Hoehmann, Alex Nove, and Heinrich Vogel, Economics and Politics in the USSR (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1986), 192.
193. Michael Alexeev, “The Russian Underground Economy in Transition,” in Michael Walker, ed. The Underground Economy: Global Evidence of its Size and Impact (Vancouver, Canada: Fraser Institute, 1997), 259.
194. Treml and Alexeev, 225; Valery M. Rutgaizer, “The Shadow Economy in the USSR,” (Berkeley-Duke Occasional Papers on the Second Economy in the USSR, No. 34, February 1992), 41.
195. Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty,” 31.
196. Rutgaizer, 6.
197. Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty,” 31.
198. Alexeev, 255-256.
199. Treml and Alexeev, 238.
200. Alexeev, 260.
201. Alexeev, 261.
202. Simis, 179.
203. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change, report entitled “Notes on the Illegal Private Economy and Corruption” by Gregory Grossman, 96th Cong., 1st sess., 1979, Committee Print, pp. 840-841.
204. Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty,” 32.
205. Pryce-Jones, 51-55, 377-83.
206. Simis, 47-48.
207. Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty,” quoting Andrei Grachev, 34.
208. Stephen Handelman, Comrade Criminaclass="underline" Russia’s New Mafiya (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 56.
209. Kozlov quoted by John and Margrit Pittman, Peaceful Coexistence: Its Theory and Practice in the Soviet Union (New York: International Publishers, 1964), 69.
210. Alexeev, 261.
211. Alena V. Ledeneva, Russia’s Economy of Favours (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
212. Gregory Grossman, “The Second Economy of the USSR,” Problems of Communism Vol. XXVI, No. 5 (September-October, 1977): 25-40.
213. Georgy Shakhnazarov, The Destiny of the World (Moscow: Progress, 1978), 121-122.
214. S. Frederic Starr, “A Usable Past,” in Alexander Dallin and Gail W. Lapidus, eds., The Soviet System from Crisis to Collapse (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), 14-15.
215. Rutgaizer, 19-22.
216. Rutgaizer, 7, 10-13.
217. Rutgaizer, 7-10.
218. John Gooding, Socialism in Russia: Lenin and his Legacy, 1890-1991 (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 208.
219. Victor Trushkov, “The Place of the Restoration of Capitalism in the Historic Process,” International Correspondence (English language edition), 2(2000), 33-34.
Notes for Chapter 4
220. Mike Davidow, Perestroika (New York: International Publishers, 1993), 8.
221. Albert Resis, ed., Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993), 373.
222. Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 44.
223. Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 292-293.
224. Michael Ellman and Vladimir Kontorovich, The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System (Armonk, New York, and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 12, 30, 31, 35, 38.
225. Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 16.
226. Gennady Zyuganov, My Russia (Armonk, New York, and London: M. E. Sharpe, 1997), 54.
227. Abel Aganbegyan, The Economic Challenge of Perestroika (Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1988), 68.
228. Aganbegyan, 23.
229. Fred Halliday, “A Singular Collapse: The Soviet Union, Market Pressure and Inter-State Competition,” Contention Magazine (1992), 324.
230. Peter Kenez, A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 217.
231. Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs, (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 10-11.
232. Sean Gervasi, “A Full Court Press: The Destabilization of the Soviet Union,” Covert Action, Fall 1990, 21-26.
233. Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994), xviii-xix.
234. Schweizer, 76, 86-87, 88-89, 150, 153, 188, 193-194, 215.
235. Schweizer, 93-94, 140-141, 154, 195, 242-243.
236. Schweizer, 72, 109, 125-126, 139, 188.
237. Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2000), 223, 288; Gene Sosin, Sparks of Liberty: An Insider’s Memoir of Radio Liberty (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), 196, 198, 203, 205.
238. Gervasi, 22, fn. 15.
239. Frances Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars, and the End of the Cold War (New York, et al.: Simon & Schuster, 2000,) 19, 148-149.
240. Fitzgerald, 148.
241. Schweitzer, 197.
242. Euvgeny Novikov and Patrick Bascio, Gorbachev and the Collapse of the Soviet Communist Party (New York: Peter Lang, 1994), 31.
243. T. H. Rigby, The Changing Soviet System: Mono-organizational Socialism from Its Origins to Gorbachev’s Restructuring (Aldershot, England and Brookfield, Vermont: Canberra University College), 211.
244. Rigby, 211.
245. Helene Carrere D’Encausse, The End of the Soviet Empire (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 12-13.
246. Anthony D’Agostino, Gorbachev’s Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 52-67.
247. D’Agostino, 76.
248. Vladimir Yegorov, Out of a Dead End Into the Unknown: Notes on Gorbachev’s Perestroika (Chicago, Berlin, London, Tokyo, and Moscow: Edition q, inc., 1993), 33.
249. John B. Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 11-12.
250. Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995), 513, 518-540.