251. Our Course Remains Unchanged: Peace and Progress (Moscow: Novisti Press, 1985), passim and Mikhail Gorbachev, “On the Convening of the 27th CPSU Congress,” April 23, 1985) in For the Forthcoming XXVIIth CPSU Congress (Moscow: Novosti, 1985), passim.
252. Our Course Remains Unchanged, 14-15.
253. David Kotz and Fred Weir, Revolution from Above The Demise of the Soviet System (London and New York: Routledge 1997), 78, 82.
254. Kotz and Weir, 78.
255. Anders Aslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989), 70-71.
256. Novikov and Bascio, 35.
257. Aslund, 81-82.
258. Gorbachev, For the Forthcoming XXVIIth CPSU Congress, 23-24.
259. The untranslated memoirs of Vladimir Kryuchov, head of Soviet foreign intelligence, referred to by Jerry Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985-91 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1997), 193.
260. Fitzgerald, 286, 302.
261. Fitzgerald, 307.
262. D’Agostino, 86-87; Gill, 19-24; Novikov and Bascio, 35.
263. Gorbachev, Political Report, 106.
264. Gorbachev, Political Report, 115.
265. Dmitri Volkogonov, Autopsy for an Empire (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, and Singapore: The Free Press, 1998), 443.
266. Volkogonov, 450.
267. Joseph Gibbs, Gorbachev’s Glasnost (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1999), 27.
268. Davidow, 8.
269. Gus Hall, The Power of Ideology (New York: New Outlook, 1989), 22.
270. Raissa Gorbachev, I Hope (New York: Harper Collins, 1991), 136.
271. Aslund, 26-27.
272. Ellman and Kontorovich, 14.
273. Aslund, 25.
274. Novikov and Bascio, 42.
275. Dunlop, 6-7.
276. Ellman and Kontorovich, 10, 178.
277. Aslund, 35.
278. Kotz and Weir, 75-78.
279. Aganbegyan, 32-33.
280. Aganbegyan, 190-191.
281. Kotz and Weir, 78, 82.
282. Volkogonov, 464-465.
283. Ellman and Kontorovich, 22.
284. Aslund, 37-47, 55.
285. Aslund, 48-54.
286. Aslund, 88-100.
287. Aslund, 108.
288. Mikhail Gorbachev, Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27th Party Congress (Moscow: Novosti, 1986), 4-5, 26, 29, 40-46, 49, 86.
289. Neil Robinson, Ideology and the Collapse of the Soviet System (Aldershot, England and Brookfield, Vermont: Edward Elgar Publishing Company, 1995), 107-111.
290. Gibbs, 23, 28-29, 33.
291. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 210.
292. Gorbachev, Political Report, 111.
293. Gibbs, 37.
294. John and Carol Garrard, Inside the Soviet Writers’ Union (New York: Free Press, 1990), 205.
295. Gibbs, 5-6, 8.
296. Alexander Yakovlev, The Fate of Marxism (New Haven and London: Yale Unversity Press, 1993), x.
297. Jonathan Harris, The Public Politics of Aleksandr Nikolaevich Yakovlev, 1983-1989 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Center for Russian and East European Studies, 1990), 8.
298. Yitzhak Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953-1991 (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1998), 94-100.
299. Robert Kaiser, Why Gorbachev Happened (New York, London, et al.: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 111.
300. Garrard, 198-199; Brudny, 197; Harris, 20.
301. Garrard, 202, 207.
302. Gibbs, 39; Brudny, 197-198.
303. Garrard, 201.
304. Garrard, 199.
305. Roy Medvedev and Giulietto Chiesa, Time of Change: An Insider’s View of Russia’s Transformation (New York: Pantheon, 1989), 27-28.
306. Medvedev and Chiesa, 29-32.
307. Medvedev and Chiesa, 32.
308. Gibbs, 44.
309. Garrard, 202; Medvedev and Chiesa, 32.
310. Medvedev and Chiesa, 35.
311. Davidow, 21-22.
312. Graeme Gill, The Collapse of a Single-party System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 28-29.
313. For the Forthcoming XXIIth CPSU Congress, 24-25.
314. Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27th Party Congress, 86.
315. Mikhail Gorbachev, Perestroika: New Thinking for Our Country and the World (New York et al.: Harper & Row, 1987), 144-147.
316. Fitzgerald, 323.
317. “Blueprint for the Year 1986: Statement by Mikhail Gorbachev General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee,” Pravda (January, 16, 1986) reprinted in Reprints from the Soviet Press (February 15, 1986), 5-20.
318. Fitzgerald, 364-365.
319. The Truth About Afghanistan: Documents, Facts, Eyewitness Reports (Moscow: Novosti, 1981); Phillip Bonosky, Afghanistan—Washington’s Secret War (New York: International Publishers, 2001).
320. Brzezinski quoted by Pankaj Mishen, “The Making of Afghanistan,” The New York Review of Books (November 15, 2001), 20.
321. Sarah Mendelson, Changing Course: Ideas, Politics, & the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1998), 69.
322. Mendelson, 60-61, 73-76.
323. The untranslated memoirs of Vladimir Kryuchkov, head of Soviet foreign intelligence, referred to by Jerry Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985-91 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1997), 193.
324. Fitzgerald, 323.
325. Mikhail Gorbachev, Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27th Party Congress (Moscow: Novosti, 1986), 86.
326. Mendelson, 112.
327. Mendelson, 112.
328. Mendelson, 112-113.
329. Vladimir Shubin, ANC: A View from Moscow (Bellville, South Africa: Mayibuye Books, 1999), 340.
330. Gorbachev, Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27th Congress, 41-57.
331. Gorbachev, Political Report of the CPSU Central Committee to the 27th Congress, 41-57.
332. Gregory Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty: Historic Role of the Soviet Underground,” in Stephen S. Cohen et al., eds. The Tunnel at the End of the Light (Berkeley: University of California, 1998), 28.
333. Stephen Cohen, “Introduction,” to Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), viii-xix.
334. Ligachev, 96, 100, passim.
335. D’Encausse, 10-12.
336. D’Encausse, 4, 9, 23-27, 31-33, 40-41.
337. D’Agostino, 174.
Notes for Chapter 5
338. Michael Ellman and Vladimir Kontorovich, The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System (Armonk, New York, and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 309.
339. Alexander Yakovlev, The Fate of Marxism in Russia (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993), 227.
340. Mikhail Gorbachev, October and Perestroika: the Revolution Continues(Moscow: Novosti Press Agency, 1987), 47.
341. Moshe Lewin, Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates: from Bukharin to the Modern Reformers (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), xiii, xvii.
342. Robert V. Daniels, “Soviet Society and American Soviet Studies: a Study in Success?” in Michael Cox, Rethinking The Soviet Collapse, (London and New York: Cassell, 1999), 121.
343. Archie Brown, The Gorbachev Factor (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 15.
344. Robert G. Kaiser, Why Gorbachev Happened (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), 15.
345. Delia Luisa Lopez Garcia, “Economic Crisis, Adjustment, and Democracy in Cuba,” in Jose Bell Lara, ed., Cuba in the 1990s (Havana: Editorial Jose Marti, 1999), 25.
346. Graeme Gill, The Collapse of a Single-party System (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 19-29.
347. Stephen F. Cohen and Katrina van den Heuvel, Voices of Glasnost (New York: Norton, 1989), 17.
348. Marshall I. Goldman, What Went Wrong With Perestroika? (New York: Norton, 1991), 102.
349. Stephen Kotkin, Armageddon Averted: the Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 71-72.
350. Stephen F. Cohen, Reinterpreting the Soviet Experience (New York: Oxford University Press 1985), 126.
351. Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev’s Kremlin (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), 343.
352. Brown, 98.