547. Hough, 134.
548. Hough, 139.
549. Hough, 360.
550. Hough, 363.
551. Carolyn McGiffert Ekedahl and Melvin A. Goodman, The Wars of Eduard Shevardnadze (University Park: Pennsylvania State University, 1997), 4.
552. Chernyaev, 83.
553. David Remnick, Resurrection: the Struggle for a New Russia (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 17.
554. Ligachev, 152.
555. Hough, 374.
556. Arch Puddington, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2000), 291.
557. Dunlop, 90.
558. Dunlop, 90.
559. Dunlop, 91.
560. V. I. Lenin, Selected Works, 1, (New York: International Publishers, 1967), 625. “From their daily experience the masses know perfectly well the value of geographical and economic ties, and the advantages of a big market and a big state. They will, therefore, resort to secession only when national oppression and national friction make joint life absolutely intolerable and hinder any and all economic intercourse.”
561. Geoffrey Hosking, The First Socialist Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), 473.
562. Kaiser, 315.
563. Brown, 280-282.
564. Hosking, 473.
565. Dunlop, 55.
566. Hough, 388.
567. Odom, 351.
568. Hough, 406.
569. Kotz and Weir, 266.
570. Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 501.
571. Chernyaev, 148.
572. Fred Coleman, The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Forty Years that Shook the World from Stalin to Yeltsin (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996), 312.
573. Chernyaev, 320, 327.
574. Chernyaev, 297, 298.
575. Chernyaev, 305.
576. Chernyaev, 356.
577. Anthony D’Agostino, Gorbachev’s Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 310.
578. Hough, 428.
579. Hough, 439.
580. Hough, 455.
581. Hough, 429.
582. Dunlop, 196-197.
583. Odom, 320.
584. Hough, 431.
585. Dunlop, 217.
586. Dunlop, 253.
587. Amy Knight, Spies Without Cloaks (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 18.
588. Dunlop, 253.
589. Hough, 431.
590. Knight, 18.
591. Hough, 432.
592. Dunlop, 199.
593. Dunlop, 201.
594. Dunlop, 198.
595. Odom, 342.
596. Knight, 18.
597. Hough, 433.
598. Hough, 432.
599. Odom, 353,354.
600. Odom, 355.
601. Hough, 436.
602. Dunlop, 186.
603. Dunlop, 195.
604. Odom, 341.
605. Vladimir Shubin, ANC: A View from Moscow (Bellville, South Africa: Mayibuye Books, 1999), 390.
Notes for Chapter 7
606. Fedor Burlatsky, Khrushchev and the First Russian Spring: the Era of Khrushchev through the Eyes of His Adviser (New York: Scribners, 1992), 276.
607. Fedor Burlatsky, Khrushchev and the First Russian Spring: the Era of Khrushchev through the Eyes of His Adviser (New York: Scribners, 1992), 276.
608. Alexander Dallin, “Causes of the Collapse of the USSR,” in Alexander Dallin and Gail Lapidus, eds., The Soviet System from Crisis to Collapse (Boulder: Westview Press, 1995), 686.
609. Fedor Burlatsky, Khrushchev and the First Russian Spring; the Era of Khrushchev through the Eyes of His Adviser (New York: Scribners, 1992), 276.
610. “Socialism in the Soviet Union: Lessons and Perspectives. From the Program of the Fourth Congress of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation,” 20 April 1997 in Nature, Society, and Thought, 10, no. 3 (1997): 421.
611. Jerry Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991 (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1997), 15.
612. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man, New York: Avon Books, 1992), xiii.
613. Vladimir Treml and Michael Alexeev, “The Second Economy and the Destabilizing Effect of Its Growth on the State Economy of the Soviet Union: 1965-1989,” Berkley-Duke Occasional Papers, no. 36, (1993): 2.
614. Stephen F. Cohen and Katrina van den Heuvel, Voices of Glasnost (New York: Norton, 1989), 25.
615. Domenico Losurdo, “Flight from History? The Communist Movement between Self-criticism and Self-contempt,” Nature, Society, and Thought, 13, no. 4, (2000): 507.
616. Stephen F. Cohen, “American Journalism and Russia’s Tragedy.” The Nation 2 October 2000, 23 December 2000, <http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?I=20001002&s=cohen.
617. Leninism and the World Revolutionary Working-class Movement, (Progress Publishers: Moscow, 1971), 133.
618. John and Margrit Pittman, Peaceful Coexistence (New York: International Publishers, 1964), 69.
619. Albert Szymanski, “The Class Basis of Political Processes in the Soviet Union,” Science and Society, 62, (winter 1978-79): 426-457.
620. Since we speak of both egalitarian and non-egalitarian aspects of Soviet society, perhaps a clarification is necessary. A number of things were true at once. Wage-leveling increased in Soviet industry starting with Khrushchev and served to reduce worker productivity incentives which in turn reduced overall Soviet economic growth rate, though there were other growth-inhibiting factors too. Nevertheless, the general egalitarianism promoted by Soviet policies was a positive achievement. Though inequality caused by the ill-gotten gains in the second economy increased over time, it remained paltry by capitalist and especially by U.S. standards. Similarly, the material privileges of top Party and state officials were a reality, but they too were modest compared to elite privileges in capitalist countries. Still, the inequality caused by illegal money-making and official privilege were politically objectionable from a Leninist standpoint and were politically unwise because they became an easy target for domestic and foreign anti-Communists.
621. Boris N. Ponomarev, Communism in a Changing World (New York: Sphinx Press, 1983), 78.
622. Gus Hall, Socialism and Capitalism in a Changing World (New York: New Outlook Publishers, 1990), 50-53.
623. Gus Hall, “Marxism-Leninism in the World Struggle against Opportunism,” (speech at Political Affairs Forum, 28 February 1982) Political Affairs Reprint, 5.
624. Gus Hall, “The World We Preserve Must Be Livable,” World Marxist Review, 35, no. 5 (May 1988): 22-23.
625. Bertell Ollman, “Market Mystification in Capitalist and Market Socialist Societies,” in Market Socialism: the Debate among Socialists (New York: Routledge, 1998), 99.
626. David Laibman, “Editorial Perspectives, Socialism: Alternative Visions and Models,” Science and Society, 56, no. 1 (spring 1992): 4.
627. Michael Ellman and Vladimir Kontorovich, The Destruction of the Soviet Economic System: an Insider’s History (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, 1998), 34-35.
628. Anders Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, DC: Brookings, 1995), 13.
629. Treml and Alexeev, 25-26.
630. Bahman Azad, Heroic Struggle, Bitter Defeat (New York: International, 2000), 116.
631. Victor and Ellen Perlo, Dynamic Stability: the Soviet Economy Today (New York: International Publishers, 1980), 337.
632. Ronald L. Meek, Studies in the Labour Theory of Value (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1973), 262.
633. Joseph V. Stalin, Selected Works (Davis, California: Cardinal Publishers, 1971), 324.
634. Maurice Dobb, Soviet Economic Development since 1917 (New York: International Publishers, 1968), 334; Meek, 282.
635. A. M. Rumyantsev, Categories and Laws of the Political Economy of Communism (Moscow; Progress Publishers, 1969), 225.
636. Anders Aslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca: Cornell, 1989), 4.
637. David M. Kotz and Fred Weir, Revolution from Above (New York: Routledge, 1997), 67.
638. Tatyana Zaslavskaya, The Second Socialist Revolution, an Alternative Soviet Strategy (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), ix.
639. Stalin, 368.
640. Yuri Andropov, “Speech at the CPSU Central Committee Meeting,” June 15, 1983 (Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1983), 22.