641. Michael Parenti, Blackshirts and Reds (San Francisco: City Lights, 1997), 60-61.
642. Arguably, Laos can be added to the list. Laos has a Marxist-Leninist government that seeks to maintain an orientation toward socialism, and over time, of course, it can develop into a socialist society. The development hurdles are enormous. Presently the country is characterized by the UN as among the “least developed” states, a status owing in part, no doubt, to savage U.S. bombardment during the Indochina War. By and large, since 1986, in step with its neighbor Vietnam, Laos, led by People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP), has pursued a renewal strategy to create a multi-tiered economy with a public sector, a foreign sector, and domestic private sector. Laos has sought partial integration into the world capitalist economy. See official website of Laos at <http://www.laoembassy.com>
643. Carl Riskin, China’s Political Economy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 290.
644. Al L. Sargis, “Ideological Tendencies and Reform Policy in China’s Primary Stage of Socialism,” Nature, Society, and Thought, 11, no. 4, (1998): 396.
645. Jose Bell Lara, ed., Cuba in the 1990s (Havana: Instituto Cubano del Libro, Editorial Jose Marti, 1999), 111, 87.
646. Evelio Vilarino Ruiz, Cuba: Socialist Economic Reform and Modernization (Havana: Editorial Jose Marti, 1998), 16-17.
647. Rajan Menon, “Post-Mortem: the Causes and Consequences of the Soviet Collapse,” The Harriman Review, 7, nos. 10-12, (1994): 9.
648. Domenico Losurdo, “Flight from History? The Communist Movement between Self-criticism and Self-contempt,” Nature, Society, and Thought, 13, no. 4, (2000): 498.
649. Stephen F. Cohen, Failed Crusade: America and the Tragedy of Post-Soviet Russia (New York: Norton, 2001), 208.
650. David M. Kotz, “Is Russia Becoming Capitalist?” Science and Society, 65, no. 2, (summer 2001): 157-181.
651. Roy Medvedev, Post Soviet Russia (New York: Columbia University, 2000), 51.
652. Ian Fisher, “As Poland Endures Hard Times, Capitalism Comes under Attack,” New York Times 12 June 2002, 14 July 2002, <http://query.nytimes.com/search/article-page.html?res=9F0DE5DF163CF931A25755C0A9649C8B63>.
653. G. A. Kozlov, ed., Political Economy: Socialism (Moscow: Progress, 1977), 80-81.
654. “Mr. X” George Kennan, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs (July 1947): 566-82, quoted in Gregory Grossman, “Subverted Sovereignty: Historic Role of the Soviet Underground,” in Stephen S. Cohen et al., eds., The Tunnel at the End of the Light (Berkeley: University of California, 1998), 24-50.
655. Azad, 179.
656. Kenneth Neill Cameron, Stalin: Man of Contradiction (Toronto: NC Press Ltd., 1987), 7.
657. Mikhail Gorbachev, October and Perestroika: The Revolution Continues (Moscow: Novosti, 1987), 26.
658. Hans Heinz Holz, “The Downfall and Future of Socialism,” Nature, Society, and Thought 5, no. 3, (1992): 121.
659. Herbert Aptheker, “The Soviet Collapse and the Surrounding Capitalist World,” Science and Society, 62, no. 2, (summer 1998): 284.
660. Michael Parenti, Blackshirts and Reds (San Francisco: City Lights, 1997), 77.
661. Parenti, 76-86.
662. Aileen Kelly, “In the Promised Land,” The New York Review of Books 68, no. 19, (November 29, 2001): 45.
663. Stephane Courtois et al., eds., The Black Book of Communism, Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
664. Yuri Krasin, The Dialectics of Revolutionary Process (Moscow: Novosti, 1973), 7.
665. Anthony Coughlan, “Social Democracy and National Independence,” (unpublished article, May 1993), 4.
Notes for Epilogue
666. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Correspondence (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1965), 264.
667. “Social Dimensions of Globalization,” ICFTU submission to the first meeting of the ILO World Commission on Globalization (25-26 March 2002) International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Brussels, 2002, 1.
668. Fred Halliday, “A Singular Collapse: The Soviet Union, Market Pressure, and Interstate Competition,” Contention Magazine (1992).
669. We have adapted and supplemented the explanations identified by Kotz and Weir, David Kotz and Fred Weir, Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System (New York and London: Routledge, 1997), 3-5.
670. Jack Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire (New York: Random House, 1995), 648.
671. See the summaries and critiques of Malia and Pipes in Walter Laqueur, The Dream That Failed (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), passim and Alexander Dallin, “Causes of the Collapse of the USSR,” Post-Soviet Affairs 8(1992): 279-282.
672. Dmitri Volkogonov, Autopsy for an Empire (New York, London, Toronto, Sydney, Singapore: The Free Press, 1998).
673. Roy Medvedev and Giulietto Chiesa, Time of Change: An Insider’s View of Russia’s Transformation (New York: Pantheon, 1989).
674. Elizabeth Teague, “The Fate of the Working Class,” in Robert Daniels, ed., Soviet Communism from Reform to Collapse (Lexington, Mass.: Heath and Company, 1995), 352-365.
675. Stephen White, “The Minorities’ Struggle for Sovereignty,” in Daniels, 216-229; Yitzhak Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953-1991 (Cambridge, Mass., and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1998), and Helene d’Encausse, The End of the Soviet Empire: The Triumph of Nations (New York: A New Republic Books, Basic Books, A Division of Harper Collins, 1994).
676. Anders Aslund, Gorbachev’s Struggle for Economic Reform (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1989), 4-5.
677. Michael Ellman and Vladimir Kontorovich, The Destruction of the Soviet System: An Insider’s History (Armonk, New York, and London, England: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 17.
678. Ellman and Kontorovich, 30-40.
679. Anthony D’Agostino, Gorbachev’s Revolution (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 272-273, 285, 296.
680. New York Times (February 26, 2001).
681. Andre Gunder Frank, “What Went Wrong in the ‘Social’ East?” Humboldt Journal of Socialist Relations 24, no. 1 and 2: 179-184.
682. Manuel Castells and Emma Kiselova, The Collapse of Soviet Communism: A View From the Information Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 3.
683. Laqueur, 58-59.
684. Peter Schweizer, Victory: The Reagan Administration’s Secret Strategy that Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1994); Sean Gervasi, “A Full Court Press: the Destabilization of the Soviet Union,” Covert Action 35(Fall, 1990): 21-26.
685. Peter Schweizer, Reagan’s War [Bound galley copy] (New York: Doubleday, 2002), 3-4.
686. Frances Fitzgerald, Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War (New York et al.: Simon & Schuster, 2000).
687. Fitzgerald, 474.
688. Ellman and Kontorovich, 57.
689. Ellman and Kontorovich, 59.
690. Leon Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed (New York: Merit Publishers, 1965), 252-254.
691. David Kotz and Fred Weir, Revolution from Above: The Demise of the Soviet System (New York and London: Routledge, 1997.
692. Jerry F. Hough, Democratization and Revolution in the USSR, 1985-1991 (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1997).
693. Steven L. Solnick, Stealing the State: Control and Collapse in Soviet Institutions (Cambridge, Mass. and London, England: Harvard University Press, 1998).
694. Bahman Azad, Heroic Struggle Bitter Defeat: Factors Contributing to the Dismantling of the Socialist State in the USSR (New York: International Publishers, 2000).
695. Ellman and Kontorovich, 27.
696. Solnick, passim.
697. Azad, 115-118, 120, 129-134.
698. Azad, 162.
699. See the “Conclusion” for a full discussion of these positions.
700. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, “Manifesto of the Communist Party,” in Selected Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1962), 53.