The standard work on Francoism is Stanley G. Payne, The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 (1987, reissued 2000). Paul Preston, Franco: A Biography (1993, reissued 1995), is the definitive account of the dictator’s life. Michael Richards, A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco’s Spain, 1936–1945 (1998), is a provocative study of early Francoism. Amando de Miguel, Manual de estructura social de España (1974), discusses Francoist society. Sebastian Balfour, Dictatorship, Workers, and the City: Labour in Greater Barcelona Since 1939 (1989), is an excellent study of the labour movement. Spain since 1975
Sources on the period of political transition include Raymond Carr and Juan Pablo Fusi Aizpurúa, Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy, 2nd ed. (1981, reissued 1991; originally published in Spanish, 1979); and Paul Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain (1986, reissued 1990). Víctor M. Pérez-Díaz, The Return of Civil Society: The Emergence of Democratic Spain (1993, reissued 1998; originally published in Spanish, 1987), is an important interpretive essay. Charles T. Powell, El piloto del cambio: el rey, la monarquía y la transición a la democracia (1991), examines the role of King Juan Carlos in the transition.
Among the many studies of regional nationalism, the most important include Daniele Conversi, The Basques, the Catalans, and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation (1997, reissued 2000); Juan Díez Medrano, Divided Nations: Class, Politics, and Nationalism in the Basque Country and Catalonia (1995); and Robert P. Clark, The Basque Insurgents: ETA, 1952–1980 (1984), and Negotiating with ETA: Obstacles to Peace in the Basque Country, 1975–1988 (1990). Adrian Shubert