241. Legner held an NKVD officer’s rank. Rybin, Stalin v oktiabre, 65–6. In Legner’s workshop, Nina Matveevna Gupalo sewed the clothes for politburo and other high-placed spouses. Back in 1938, after half the government guard detail had been arrested in a single night, Alexei Rybin (b. 1908), a member of the construction team for the Nearby Dacha and once a bodyguard for Kaganovich, then Orjonikidze, became military commandant of the Bolshoi Theater. Radzinskii, Stalin, 401; Rybin, Kto otravil Stalina?, 59.
242. Sharapov, “Piat’sot stranits v den’”; Shefov, “Dve vstrechi,” 154; Ilizarov, Tainaia zhizn’ Stalina, passim; Medvedev and Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin; Shepilov, Kremlin’s Scholar.
243. By some accounts, Radek had translated Mein Kampf for politburo members already in the early 1930s, before Hitler had come to power. The internal Russian translation of Mein Kampf would be published only after the fall of the Soviet Union: Adol’f Gitler, Moia bor’ba (Moscow: T-Oko, 1992).
244. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, 168.
245. Kalinin’s copy has been preserved with marginalia about “a prolix, contentless” book “for petty shop owners”: RGASPI, f. 78, op. 8, d. 140; Ilizarov, Tainaia zhizn’ Stalina, 137; Ilizarov, “Stalin” (no. 4) 190–1.
246. Khrushchev, Vospominaniia, I: 219; Khrushchev, Memoirs, I: 216.
247. Gareev, Neodnoznachnye stranitsy, 20. Makhmut Gareyev (b. 1923) would rise to army general.
248. Heiden, Die Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus; Geiden, Istoriia germanskogo fashizma, 60. Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumf i tragediia, II/i: 23–26; Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 352–3. Heiden also produced the valuable Hitler: eine Biographie, 2 vols. (Zurich: Europa, 1936–7).
249. Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediia, II/1: 25 (no citation); Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, 352.
250. Khrushchev, Memoirs, I: 274–5.
251. Izvestiia, Sept. 16, 1939; Tisminets, Vneshniaia politika SSSR, IV: 446.
252. On the military orders, see Zolotarev, Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia otechestvennaia, XVIII (VII/i): 133 (RGVA, f. 33977, op. 1, d. 28, l. 36); and Efimenko et al., Vooruzhennyi konflikt, 409 (RGVA, f. 33977, op. 1, d. 28, l. 38). On July 18, 1940, Japan would effectively recognize the boundaries as claimed by the USSR. Ikuhiko, “Japanese-Soviet Confrontation,” 174–5.
253. Ikuhiko, “Japanese-Soviet Confrontation.” See also Sorge’s report of Sept. 10, 1939: Zolotarev, Russkii arkhiv: Velikaia oteechestvennaia, XVIII (VII/i): 159 (TsAMO, f. 23, op. 22407, d. 2, l. 455–6).
254. DGFP, series D, VIII: 79–80 (Schulenburg, Sept. 17, 1939)
255. Biegański et al., Documents on Polish-Soviet Relations, I: doc. 69; DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 94–96 (AVP RF, f. 011, op. 4, pap. 24, d. 7, l. 176–9: Potyomkin-Grzybowski, Sept. 17, 1939), 96 (f. 059, op. 1, pap. 313, d. 2155, l. 49–51: diplomatic note); Izvestiia, Sept. 18, 1939; Pikhoia and Gieysztor (eds.), Katyn’: plenniki, 65–7 (APRF, f. 3, op. 50, d. 410, l. 35–9: Potyomkin diary, Sept. 17, 1939); Cienciala et al., Katyn, 44–7; Official Documents Concerning Polish-German and Polish-Soviet Relations, 211–12. Schulenburg had been shown the note and allowed to suggest changes. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 96.
256. Liszewski, Polsko-sowiecka wojna, 24 (citing the prophetic words of Marshal Rydz-Smilga).
257. Pravda, Sept. 18, 1939; Izvestiia, Sept. 18, 1939, in Tisminets, Vneshniaia politika SSSR, IV: 446–8; New York Times, Sept. 18, 1939: 5. Zhdanov had written in Pravda (Sept. 14, 1939) that the Polish state was collapsing because of its repression of Ukrainian and Belorussian national minorities, which he blamed on the Polish bourgeoisie, capitalists, and landowners.
258. Zaloga and Madej, Polish Campaign, 131–8.
259. Kuznetsov, Krutye povoroty, 47.
260. Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations, 86–7.
261. “Itinerar Hitlers vom 1.9.1939–31.12.1941,” in Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie, 659–98 (at 660–1); Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant, 205.
262. DGFP, series D, VIII: 92.
263. DGFP, series D, VIII: 104–5; Weinberg, Germany and the Soviet Union, 55. On Sept. 20, having received assurances from Berlin, both Schulenburg and Köstring separately offered assurances to Soviet officials.
264. RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 62. Soon, rumors would spread of additional clashes. “In town there is more and more talk about the Russians returning and about battles between German and Soviet troops somewhere along the Bug River and other locations,” Dr. Zygmunt Klukowski recorded in his diary (Oct. 15, 1939). “Sorry to say, but some citizens are as equally brutal as the Germans toward the Jews.” Klukowski, Diary from the Years of Occupation, 41–2.
265. Wheeler-Bennett, “From Brest-Litovsk to Brest-Litovsk.”
266. Domarus, Hitler: Reden, III: 1354–66 (Hitler’s Danzig speech).
267. DVP SSSR, XXII/ii: 28–9 (AVP RF, f. 059, op. 1, pap. 924, d. 2027, l. 19–20: Shkvartsev to Molotov, Sept. 5, 1939).
268. RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 60–3.
269. Molotov did allow that Germany might claim the Suwałki triangle (between East Prussia and Lithuania), except for Augustovo. Rossi, Deux ans, 75n1, 75–6n1 (Schulenburg to Ribbentrop, Sept. 20, 1939); Rossi, Russo-German Alliance, 62–3 (citing a telephone message from Ribbentrop to Köstring and a telegram from Schulenburg to Berlin, neither published in Sontag and Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations).
270. Mel’tiukhov, Sovetsko-pol’skie voiny (2004), 496–7 (RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 60–1); Teske, General Ernst Köstring, 176ff.
271. “Itinerar Hitlers vom 1.9.1939–31.12.1941,” in Hillgruber, Hitlers Strategie, 661.
272. Mel’tiukhov, Sovetsko-pol’skie voiny, (2001), 303–350, (2004), 463–92; Erickson, “Red Army’s March,” 18–20; Włodarkiewicz, Lwów. Fifteen thousand Lvov defenders (1,000 of them officers) were taken prisoner; many would not survive captivity.
273. Krivoshein, Mezhdubur’e, 234–9; Schmidt-Scheeder, Reporter der Hölle, 101; Deutscher Allgemeine Zeitung, Sept. 25, 1939.
274. Guderian, Vospominaniia soldata, 105.
275. Halder, Halder Diaries, I: 85–6 (Sept. 20, 1939); Mel’tiukhov, Sovetsko-pol’skie voiny (2001), 319–23, 326–33 (citing RGVA, f. 4, op. 19, d. 22, l. 60–5); Nekrich, Pariahs, 130–2.