3. Leon Wieseltier, “Brothers and Keepers: Black Jews and the Meaning of Zionism.”
4. Joel Brinkley, “Ethiopian Jews and Israelis Exult as Airlift Is Completed,” New York Times, May 26, 1991.
5. David A. Vise and Mark Malseed, The Google Story (New York: Delacorte, 2005), p. 15.
6. Interview with Natan Sharansky, chairman and distinguished fellow, Adelson Institute for Strategic Studies, Shalem Center, and founder of Yisrael B’Aliya, May 2008.
7. Interview with David McWilliams, Irish economist and author of The Pope’s Children, March 2009.
8. Interview with Erel Margalit, founder of Jerusalem Venture Partners (JVP), May 2008.
9. Interview with Reuven Agassi, December 2008.
10. While the new law was already rigid, the U.S. State Department directed consular officers overseas to become even stricter in their application of the “public charge” provision of immigration law. A public charge is someone unable to support himself or his family. At the beginning of the Great Depression, in response to a public outcry for tougher immigration laws, overseas consuls were told to expand the interpretation of the “public charge clause” to prohibit admission to immigrants who just might become public charges. The designation became a completely speculative process.
11. David Wyman, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (New York: Pantheon, 1985), p. x.
12. Some scholars now believe that the lack of a safe haven for Jews seeking to leave Germany and other soon-to-be-occupied Nazi territories became an important factor in Nazi plans to exterminate the Jewish population of Europe. “The overall picture clearly shows that the original [Nazi] policy was to force the Jews to leave,” says David Wyman. “The shift to extermination came only after the emigration method had failed, a failure in large part due to lack of countries open to refugees.” From Wyman, Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (New York: Pantheon, 1985), p. 35.
13. In 1939, the British government created a ceiling of 10,000 Jewish immigrants per year into Palestine, with an additional allotment of 25,000 possible entries. It is true that in 1945, President Harry Truman requested a U.S. government investigation of treatment of Jewish displaced persons, many of whom were in facilities overseen by the U.S. Army. “The resulting report chronicled shocking mistreatment of the already abused refugees and recommended that the gates of Palestine be opened wide for resettlement,” writes Leonard Dinnerstein in America and the Survivors of the Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986). After several unsuccessful attempts to persuade Great Britain to admit the Jews into Palestine, Truman asked Congress to pass a law to bring a number of these refugees to the States.
While Truman’s bill became law in 1948, the year of Israel’s founding, a group of legislators, led by Nevada senator Pat McCarran, manipulated the drafting of the bill’s language so that it actually had the effect of discriminating against Eastern European Jews. Ultimately, historian Leonard Dinnerstein estimates, only about 16 percent of those issued visas as displaced persons between July 1948 and June 1952 were Jewish. “Thus McCarran’s numerous tricks and ploys were effective,” notes Dinnerstein. “Jews who might otherwise have chosen the United States as their place of resettlement went to Israel.”
14. The document can be found at http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary .org/jsource/History/Dec_of_Indep.html.
15. Interview with David McWilliams, Irish economist and author of The Pope’s Children, March 2009.
16. This is not to suggest that there are not ethnic tensions among this very diverse country. Deep friction erupted between European Holocaust refugees and Jews from the Arab world as far back as the state’s founding. Sammy Smooha, today a world-renowned sociologist at the University of Haifa, was, like Reuven Agassi, an Iraqi Jewish immigrant who spent part of his childhood in a transit tent. “We were told not to speak Arabic, but we didn’t know Hebrew. Everything was strange. My father went from being a railroad official in Baghdad to an unskilled nobody. We suffered a terrible loss of identity. Looking back, I’d call it cultural repression. Behind their lofty ideals of ‘one people,’ they [the Jews of European origin] were acting superior, paternalistic.” Quoted in Donna Rosenthal, The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land (New York: Free Press, 2005), p. 116.
CHAPTER 8
. The Diaspora: Stealing Airplanes
1. Fred Vogelstein, “The Cisco Kid Rides Again,” Fortune, July 26, 2004; http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2004/07/26/377145/index.htm; and interview with Michael Laor, founder of Cisco Systems Development Center in Israel, February 2009.
2. Marguerite Reardon, “Cisco Router Makes Guinness World Records,” July 1, 2004, CNET News, http://news.cnet.com/Cisco-router -makes-Guinness-World-Records/2100-1033_3-5254291.html?tag=nefd .top; retrieved January 2009.
3. Vogelstein, “The Cisco Kid Rides Again.”
4. Marguerite Reardon, “Cisco Sees Momentum in Sales of Key Router,” TechRepublic, December 6, 2004, http://articles.techrepublic .com.com/5100-22_11-5479086.html; and Cisco, press release, “Growth of Video Service Delivery Drives Sales of Cisco CRS-1, the World’s Most Powerful Routing Platform, to Double in Nine Months,” April 1, 2008, http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2008/prod_040108c.html.
5. Interview with Yoav Samet, Cisco’s corporate business development manager in Israel, Central/Eastern Europe, and Russia/CIS, January 2009.
6. Interview with Yoav Samet.
7. Richard Devane, “The Dynamics of Diaspora Networks: Lessons of Experience,” in Diaspora Networks and the International Migration Skills, edited by Yevgeny Kuznetsov (Washington, D.C.: World Bank Publications, 2006), pp. 59–67. The quote is from p. 60.
8. Jenny Johnston, “The New Argonauts: An Interview with AnnaLee Saxenian,” July 2006, GBN Global Business Network, http://thenewar gonauts.com/GBNinterview.pdf?aid=37652.
9. The information in this passage is drawn from Anthony David, The Sky Is the Limit: Al Schwimmer, the Founder of the Israeli Aircraft Industry (Tel Aviv: Schocken Books, 2008; in Hebrew); and the interview with Shimon Peres. Regarding the accounts of Peres and Schwimmer flying over the Arctic tundra and Schwimmer’s meeting with Ben-Gurion in the United States, see also Shimon Peres, David’s Sling (New York: Random House, 1970).
CHAPTER 9
. The Buffett Test
1. Interview with Yoelle Maarek, former director, Google’s R & D Center in Haifa, Israel, January 2009.
2. Joel Leyden, “Microsoft Bill Gates Takes Google, Terrorism War to Israel,” Israel News Agency, 2006, http://www.israelnewsagency.com/microsoftgoogleisraelseo581030.html; retrieved November 2008.
3. Quote from a transcript of a documentary film interview conducted by the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) in 2007, provided to the authors.